Compare The Metamorphosis And Its A Wonderful Life

â€Å"The Metamorphosis† and â€Å"It’s a Wonderful Life†: The Importance of Family Support â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka and the movie â€Å"It’s a Wonderful Life† by Francis Copler don’t seem to have a lot in common at first glance. One is an old novella taught in literature classes, and the other is a Christmas movie, but if you look closer you can see they share common themes of unhappiness, transformation, and dependence on family support. In both â€Å"The Metamorphosis† and â€Å"It’s a Wonderful Life† the main characters are unhappy in their lives, and go through a transformation where they see what their lives are like without them. We will examine the characters, the journeys they went through, and the different outcomes of similar experiences.†¦show more content†¦Gregor’s transformation begins when he wakes up and is morphed into an insect, and watches his family’s lives progress without him able to support himself, let alone them. In both of the transformations, the two are self-sacrificing, and feel unappreciated. They are stuck in what they see as a dead end job. They are stuck in an unending cycle of work and drudgery, doing something they hate for others. Then there is a big problem in each of their lives. For George it’s the possible jail time, and for Gregor it’s morphing into a giant insect. With so many similarities between the two stories you might expect the outcomes to be the same, or at least similar, but they are surprisingly different. The difference between the two transformations can even be considered extremes. The two are opposites. George Bailey regains his humanity and enjoyment of life when he finds out how important to others and how loved he really is. He ends up a happy and wealthy man. Gregor on the other hand loses his humanity after finding that his family can support themselves and would be happier without him, and thru his family’s betrayal and neglect dies a s ad death. George’s family base is strong and sturdy, and during his time of need they all pulled to helpShow MoreRelatedThe Burial Rights Of The Dead1595 Words   |  7 Pagesforced to endure, despite everything that they have previously suffered. What the author is trying to accomplish with this passage is to make the reader realize this horrible fact. In addition, the author wants the reader to realize the complete metamorphosis that prisoners went through by being in the camps – when Wiesel writes, â€Å"Sons abandoned the remains of their fathers without a tear† (Wiesel 92), the reader realizes that the prisoners’ ‘camp’ mentality is ‘survival of the fittest’ and ‘every manRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesGlobalization 16 †¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-AssessmentRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSkills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere 10 Workforce Diversity 10 The Workforce Today 10 DID YOU KNOW?: Chief Diversity Officer 11 How Diversity Affects HRM 11 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Diversity Awareness 12 What Is a Work/Life Balance? 12 DID YOU

Through Deaf Eyes Review Essay - 1523 Words

In â€Å"Through Deaf Eyes† you will find a range of perspective on the question what is deafness? This film is a balanced presentation of deaf experience. I believe that the film does a good job of revealing the struggles and triumphs of deaf people in society throughout history. The documentary covers a span of close to 200 years of deaf life in the United States. You will see experiences among deaf people in education, family life, work, and social activities. Sign language is language that uses visual hand patterns to convey a meaning without using any vocal. It truly is a superb way of communication, although it was not always accepted in society. Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign language develops. There was no†¦show more content†¦I wasn’t expecting that. After viewing the movie I understand better now why even if some deaf people can use their voices, they don’t because it seems like it would lead to a one-way conversation. Although the hearing person would understand what the deaf person was conveying, the deaf person would not be able to understand the hearing person without lip reading or using sign language. I laughed at the part of the movie where the deaf comedian was talking about an incident that he had while driving a car. A man was aggressively driving and beeping at the deaf man driving his car. When this man passed the deaf man, he said, â€Å"What are you deaf?† The deaf man who spoke and signed telling the story said he drove up to him and said, â€Å"Yes, I am deaf!† Although I laughed, it is offensive to the deaf individuals using the word deaf in such a negative way. People who are hard of hearing are people and should be esteemed as such. Deaf people living in a hearing world have certainly made their mark in the hearing community. Deaf people can do anything that hearing people can do. The band shown in the film called â€Å"Beethoven’s Nightmare â€Å"caused quite a stir in our class. I think that we were simply amazed that deaf musicians could play so well. By showing the audience this experience, it provides hearing viewers with the knowledge that this type of event does occur within the deaf community and that the deaf can appreciateShow MoreRelatedResearch Study On American Sign Language826 Words   |  4 Pagesarticles that focused on hearing people learning ASL but as I scrolled down I saw the word â€Å"Family† which caught my eye first. I decided to use this article because it gives the perspectives of the families on how ASL affects their lives. 2) What was the background for the study? That is, what previous knowledge did the author describe as a foundation for the study in the â€Å"review of related literature?† The background for this study that the authors mention is Dunst’s, Trivetter’s and Deal’s practicesRead MoreThe Deaf And Male And Female By Erik Erikson s Stage Of Industry Versus Inferiority1963 Words   |  8 PagesOur topic of focus will be deaf individuals, both male and female, ages six through twelve in Erik Erikson’s stage of Industry versus Inferiority. We chose the deaf because they are a vulnerable population with a small community, and face language and communication barriers which can affect development. Since we were born with no hearing loss, we felt it is important to understand how we as future Registered Nurses (R.N.) can communicate effectively with these children. We want to be able to provideRead MoreInformation And Communication Technology Policy Framework Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 2: Literature Review This chapter contains a review of all relevant areas related to the project including Web accessibility, Web accessibility barriers, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0, Thailand Information and Communication Technology Policy Framework (2011-2020), Thai Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (TWCAG), Works about web accessibility in Thailand and Evaluating Accessibility and Web2Access. 2.1 Web Accessibility Currently the use of multimedia such as sound, still imagesRead MoreBaptism Research Paper1711 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only been practiced since the beginning of our faith, but has deep meaning and symbolic ties to the start of creation with Adam and Eve. I hope to prove through both illustration and published works how Baptism as a sacrament is both a sign and symbol of humanities desire to become closer to God by cleansing them of original sin through this ritual and rite of passage. Although tied together and related a sign is not the same thing as a symbol. It is important in the understanding of BaptismRead MoreLevel 5 Sensory Loss1911 Words   |  8 Pagesdual sensory impaired leads to difficulties in communicating, mobility and impaired people. * Deaf blindness can be due to several causes, such as Ushers Syndrome, Rubella (German measles) and problems caused by premature births. * Deafblind UK report that there are about 24,000 people in the UK who are deaf blind; some are totally deaf and totally blind, other deaf blind people have some hearing and vision. These figures do not take into account the large number of olderRead MoreUnderstanding Deaf Culture2498 Words   |  10 PagesDeaf people are often seen incorrectly. According to a legend, a Greek mythical character named Procrustes, invited tired travelers to rest at his home. Procrustes gave out special accommodations that fit everyone, regardless of the guests’ size. When the guest was shorter than the bed Procrustes owned, Procrustes would stretch the guest’s body to fit and when the guest’s legs were longer than the bed, Procrustes would chop off their legs so they would fit the bed. Aimee K. Whyte and Douglas A. GuiffridaRead MoreSocial and Traditional Models of Disability.1168 Words   |  5 Pageswheelchair, this sequence of events would take much longer. First of all, he/she would have to locate the key to the elevator from someone. Upon arriving at the third floor, he/she would then have to move through extremely narrow aisle ways that is barely wide enough for the able bodied to walk through. Once their materials are located, they will require the assistance of someone to actually get the books from the shelves. 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Remuneration and Benefit Strategy

Questions: 1.External Factors that Impact Remuneration and Benefit Strategy. 2. Devise a New Remuneration and Benefits Structure for the Position of Retail Store Manager within the Organisation .3.Prepare a Briefing Paper to provide Information about the Incentive Plan of your Proposition. Answers: 1.Three External Factors that Impact Remuneration and Benefit Strategy Remuneration and benefits are both monetary and non-monetary rewards that are provided to the employees for their performance in an organization. According to Noe et al., (2014), there are several internal and external factors that affect employee compensation. Three major external factors are Inflation rate, Cost of Living and Labor Unions. Inflation: Inflation means increase in the prices of commodities and decrease in value of the money. As a result of inflation, several things get affected which are raising prices, fall in the value of currency in foreign market, increased amount of tax by government and stagnation in the enlargement of economy (Gupta Shaw, 2014). Inflation also affects remuneration and benefit strategy. For example, in the year of 2012, due to inflation, Indian companies increased salary of the employees up to 12% to 27% than the previous year. Cost of Living: The index of cost of living also influences remuneration and benefit strategy of an organization (Noe et al., 2014). If general price level and consumer price level index increases or decreases, the wage, salary and compensation strategy will change accordingly. Labor Unions: If labor union of an organization is powerful, then it will influence remuneration and benefit strategy of that organization. Labor unions are established in the case, where demand is high and amount of labor supply is low. In these situations, employees can demand for more money. On the other hand, non-unionized organizations enjoy more amount of freedom with respect to the fixation of the compensation plan. Three types of Incentive Program Employee recognition: In a survey conducted by Michael C. Fina Recognition, nearly 300 human resource professionals confirmed that workers exceedingly value office gratitude programs that actually charge very little to execute. Nearly three quarters of the participants also said that their organizations are seriously thinking to develop their recognition programs inside the next year. As mentioned by Mone and London, (2014), some most dominant recognition initiatives are performance awards (33 percent), service-anniversary awards (20 percent) and e-cards (10 percent). Small financial incentives: According to the reports of Americas 2015 place of work reimbursement Report, nearly 70 percent employers stated that incentives are useful for their organization. However, it is also true that only few employees actually offer or consider offering solutions that provides benefits to the employees financially (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2014). According to that same report, the most famous financial incentives are gift cards or bonuses (29 percent), a point curriculum for discounts or cash (14 percent), discounts in terms of health indemnity and other goods (11 percent) and raffles (11 percent). Worker Perk Program: Recently an employee-verification organization named as SheerID conducted a survey for Google. The survey was done with more than 500 respondents and the topic was worker reduction practice inside companies. As per the results, it was found that only 20 percent of employees use their worker price cut program. However, if those programs were easy to avail, 46 percent employees would utilize them regularly. According to (Bloom Trahan, 2016), some popular employee discounts that most of the organizations use are entertainment or travel (65 percent), Restaurants (55 percent), Computer or electronics products (50 percent), subscriptions (39 percent), health or beauty products (29 percent) and office supplies (21 percent) (Huang et al., 2016). Key Considerations while Developing Remuneration and benefit Strategy Budget Allocation Remuneration and benefit strategy must include companys approach to assign recompense dollars into income and reimbursement. The organization will also have to decide how much recompense financial plan will be spent on wages and how much percentage will be spent on reimbursement and additional incentive programs. Establishing Salary Ranges Establishing salary ranges in extremely serious to make sure that worker pay is spirited with other orgaizations. According to Sparer and Dennerlein (2013), to become spirited, it is paramount to benchmark jobs inside the similar business and develop a pay configuration. Ranges for salary can be established within by executing investigation or using sites like salary.com and payscale.com. It will conclude standard wages in a scrupulous region. Salary Audits As the market alters regularly, it is significant to perform standard income audits to make sure that wages ranges reflect latest recompense trends in an business. Benefit Package Number companies are nowadays using benefit packages with the salary to attract new employees and retain existing ones (O'connor Klein, 2013). Therefore, proper health, retirement, tuition reimbursement along with other benefits will motivate current employees to stay with the organization. Performance Management System Performance management systems such as development of yearly goals and yearly performance appraisals can be included to make sure employees are meeting objectives of the organization (Campbell et al., 2012). Legal Compliance A proper compensation strategy will integrate legal requirements to make sure that the company is in compliance with all federal laws and state laws. Structured Administration It is important to establish annual review method and raise method timeline to make sure all the areas are properly managed and compensation management is a success (Cristiani Peir, 2015). Industrial Agreement All working Australians are covered by industrial or enterprise agreement. On July 1, 2009, several types of combined and personage administrative center agreements under the preceding office relation systems were replaced by a single kind of conformity that is enterprise agreement (Davila Elvira 2015). 2.Proposal After conducting a proper market research, it seems that the best remuneration and benefit strategy for our organization would be commissions, under the method small financial benefits plan. It is already mentioned that according to Americas Workplace Benefit Report, 70 percent employers have stated that financial incentives are working good for their organizations. Now in retail sector, in which our organization operates, the most important department is sales department (Davila et al., 2015). Employees of this department not only sales products but also communicate with the customers. As they directly communicate with the customers, they are responsible for developing good relationship with them. It will help or organization to attract new customers and improve profitability. For salespersons of our organization, commission would be the best idea. The primary reason behind selecting commission is it is the most common and conventional way to encourage and reward salespersons for closing big deals or meeting organizational objectives. Another chief advantage of this system is it provides major incentives to salespersons and therefore; they work harder on behalf of the company. This system will be divided into different tiers. The lowest tier will offer them smaller amount of profit for making few sales (Jiang et al., 2012). However, they will receive higher amount as commission if they can make additional sale in a particular time frame. Currently, our organization can offer 5 percent commission to the employees for selling 150 products in a month. However, if they can sell additional products, then they will gain bonus 10 percent commission. It is expected that this method will boost the performance of our sales personnel (Morley et al., 2016). Therefore, this method is recommended as the new remuneration and benefit strategy for our company. 3.Introduction For getting success, organization needs to attract as well as retain productive employees. A competitive incentive plan helps the organization to accomplish these objectives. Incentive plans help to motivate employees for exceeding expectations and business growth. These kinds of plan help to promote employees exceptional behavior during a specific period. Besides, these kind of business plans can also attract potential employees towards the organization along with encouraging the company loyalty (Ribeiro Gomes, 2016). Nevertheless, incentive plans must consist of obtainable goals, which will hold employee morale, contributing towards successful plan. Every organization needs to implement incentive plan for empowering their staffs to perform better and achieve their performance goals, thereby achieving the overall goal of the organization or the business. There are several levels of incentive plans. For instance, incentive plan for low level employees would include people at bottom of the organization and first line supervisors. The most common forms of Incentive Offerings in Organizations Small Financial Incentives (what is it?) (Strengths) Small financial incentives mean providing extra amount of money to the employees along with their regular salary for exceptional performance. Generally when employees over perform their duties or goals, then the organization provides such incentives to motivate them. This systems advantages are its biggest strengths (Singh et al., 2013). This system not only helps to motivate employees, but also allows an organization to gain employee loyalty. Besides, it makes sure that an employee is satisfied with his job that in turn reduced employee turnover. Employee Perk Program: (what is it?) (Strengths) Employee perk programs help to attract employees, these programs does not contribute to the development of organizational culture, rather, these programs are additive and improve employee morale, thereby enhancing the chance of their retention in the organization. There are different kinds of perk programs, but the organization need to choose the appropriate one for implementing in the workplace. They need to focus on the perks, which are important for employees and culture (Tarique et al., 2015). The common perk programs include profit sharing, unlimited PTO, extra time off during holidays, gym and spa memberships, maternity and paternity leave more than suggested period by law, off site events, weekly entertainments, education subsidizing, provision of technological support (i.e. mobile, tablet, laptop), sports pass, community membership, club membership, medical insurance and free food. Employee Recognition: (what is it?) (Strengths) Employee recognition is referred to the acknowledgement of the effort of a team or an individual, who has been supported the organizational goals and values. It is one of the key non-monitory tools for employee retention. Recognizing the right person would motivate the recognized employee to perform according to the higher level needs, whereas, employees who do not receive the recognition would also be influenced to perform better to gain the recognition in future (Varma Budhwar, 2013). It is important for several reasons, for instance, to improve employee morale, to enhance their loyalty, to make employees aware of their work for which they are valued, to increase employee motivation and retention as well as to help in building a supportive work environment. Organizations need to be a common practice in workplace and should not include any kind of discrimination or bias in selection. Effective employee recognition can be for both individual and group level, in either formal or info rmal manner. In this context, the formal initiative can be done on a yearly basis, whereas informal recognition can take place, when it is merited by the supervisor (Wood et al., 2014). However, the formal and informal recognition should be distinguished on the basis of employees status and organizational needs. Informal recognition can be provided at any time, for empowering the employee, which does not need formal documentation. Explanation for Choosing Commission Among several financial incentives, commission process is selected. There are several advantages of this method and that is why; this method is selected over others. Those advantages are hereby mentioned below. It helps to motivate the salespersons to deliver high performances. If salespersons are only provided direct salary, most of them will have limited motivation to exceed basic expectations. However, if opportunity of earning through commission is provided, it will drive the sales persons to set more aggressive goals to work through issues and rejections. They will continuously seek new opportunities. Thought a direct salary provides the steadiest income for workers, sales staffs who have worked on direct commission frequently welcome a higher level of definite profits and base pay. The steadiness of stability and incentive to execute at an elevated level has a nice balance of reimbursement from both direct wage and direct commission (Morley et al., 2016). The explanation is to present just adequate permanence that employees feel fulfilled with their basic monetary sanctuary but still have enthusiasm to sell more to be paid more. Salespersons, in order to sale more products to gain commission will also develop positive relation with the consumers. It is another vital thing for business. Positive consumer relationship not only develops a base of loyal consumers, but also helps to attract new consumers (Davila Elvira, 2015). Loyal consumers will automatically ask their friends and families to buy from the organization where they are getting welcomed by amicable salespersons. However, there is one disadvantage of this method. It is possible that salespersons will mislead the consumers to make sales. It will hamper the brand image of the organization. Therefore, proper monitoring is required. It will indicate that salespersons are using proper ways to make more sales. References Bloom, D. E., Trahan, J. T. (2016).Flexible benefits and employee choice: Highlights of the literature. Elsevier. Campbell, BA, Coff, R Kryscynski, D (2012), 'Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital', Academy of Management Review, vol, 37, no. 3. pp. 376-95. Cristiani, A. Peir, J.M., (2015). Human resource function strategic role trade unions: exploring their impact on human resource management practices in Uruguayan firms.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), pp.381-400. Davila, A. Elvira, M.M., (2015). 17. Human resource management in a kinship society: the case of Latin America.Hbook of Human Resource Management in Emerging Markets, p.372. Davila, A., Foster, G. Jia, N., (2015). The valuation of management control systems in start-up companies: International field-based evidence.European Accounting Review,24(2), pp.207-239. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Berrone, P., Franco-Santos, M. (2014).Compensation and organizational performance: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge. Gupta, N., Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), 1-4. Huang, H., Mattke, S., Batorsky, B., Miles, J., Liu, H., Taylor, E. (2016). Incentives, program configuration, and employee uptake of workplace wellness programs.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,58(1), 30-34. Jiang, K, Lepak, DP, Han, K, Hong, Y, Kim, A Winkler, AL (2012), 'Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance,' Human Resource Management Review, vol. 22, pp.73-85. Mone, E. M., London, M. (2014).Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Morley, M.J., Heraty, N. Michailova, S. eds., (2016).Managing human resources in Central Eastern Europe. Routledge. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. O'connor, R. M., Klein, T. J. (2013).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/054,956. Ribeiro, J.L. Gomes, D., (2016). Other Organizational Perspectives on the Contribution of Human Resources Management to Organizational Performance. InOrganizational Management(pp. 63-106). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Singh, D., Singh Oberoi, J. Singh Ahuja, I., (2013). An empirical investigation of dynamic capabilities in managing strategic flexibility in manufacturing organizations.Management Decision,51(7), pp.1442-1461. Sparer, E. H., Dennerlein, J. T. (2013). Determining safety inspection thresholds for employee incentives programs on construction sites.Safety Science,51(1), 77-84. Tarique, I., Briscoe, D.R. Schuler, R.S., (2015).International Human Resource Management: Policies Practices for Multinational Enterprises. Routledge. Varma, A. Budhwar, P.S., (2013).Managing human resources in Asia-Pacific(Vol. 20). Routledge. Wood, G., Brewster, C. Brookes, M., (2014).Human resource management the institutional perspective. Routledge.

Pandora Media Inc. free essay sample

During fiscal year 2011, Pandora reported $138 million in revenue. A major business line of Pandora Media, Inc. is in advertising. Pandora’s advertising products allow advertisers to pinpoint a particular market segment and consumer by talking into account factors such as age, gender, zip code and musical interests. Pandora incorporates display adds on it’s interface to maximizes exposure to it’s intended market segment. These display ads include banner ads tailored to a listener’s interaction. Audio advertising is another product that Pandora delivers through ads delivered as interludes between songs. Video advertising is also seen through in-banner click-initiated videos that automatically play while a listener is changing stations or skipping songs. Pandora also provides mobile advertising via standard banner ads displayed in the Pandora app. Mobile advertisers can also crate station playlists specifically for their branded products. The company builds and maintains the Pandora app for supported mobile devices. (Bloomberg, 2011) Competition is fierce in the radio industry and Pandora Internet Radio has many rivals. We will write a custom essay sample on Pandora Media Inc. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pandora must compete with radio providers, such as CBS, Clear Channel, and satellite radio providers such as Sirius XM. (Spears, 2011) Pandora also faces competition from online radio provides, such as iheartradio, Last. fm, and Slacker Personal Radio. The company also faces completion from other media content providers such as Apple’s iTunes Store, Rhapsody, and Amazon. Pandora is also in completion with other Internet advertising and marketing outlets such as Internet portals, search engine companies and social media sites. The company also competes with traditional media sources in television and print. As seen, the use of revolutionary technologies has lead Pandora to the forefront as a pioneer of Internet radio. A major breakthrough was when Pandora introduced the Music Genome Project, which, it claims is the most sophisticated taxonomy of musical information ever collected. The founders of The Music Genome Project were Will Glaser and Tim Westergren and they began in 1999. The aim of the Music Genome Project was to capture the essence of music at the fundamental level. It took over five years and 30 experts in music theory to build a database that would be useful. Each song had to be individually listened to and up to 400 musical attributes manually assessed, which required 30 minutes to complete for each song. Over 400 musical characteristics and attributes for each song are captured to identify the musical identity of the song as well as other relevant qualities. This helps understand the musical preferences of a listener. To ensure a quality blueprint and analysis, Pandora Media, Inc. enlisted top quality analyst; all possessing at least a four-year degree in music theory, composition or performance and having experience in music theory from a wide range of musical genera’s. Intensive training was also given to each analyst. The database used to store this information was built using a unique methodology to include the use of specifically defined terminology, frame of reference, redundant analysis, and quality control standards to ensure data integrity. All data input was attributed solely to human intelligence. The Music Genome Project is an ever growing and evolving collection of data to remain current with new music as it become available. By utilizing this concept through its database, Pandora seeks to deliver the most robust, personalized radio experience it possibly can. Joyce, 2011) With all the information gathered, it is essential for data storage to be a top priority and focus for Pandora Media, Inc. All of the analyses for the Music Genome Project as well as the user interface is stored utilizing OpenLaszlo. OpenLaszlo is an open source platform for creating zero-install web applications with the user interface capabilities of desktop client s oftware. The programs are written in XML and JavaScript and are complied to Flash and DHTML. OpenLaszlo application programming interface‘s provide animation, data binding, layout, server communication and declarative user interface’s. The application can be created in many file types to include short or single source files, or be created via multiple files that define reusable libraries and classes. OpenLaszlo also has the ability to be written once and run everywhere. It can be developed in one location and run on multiple Web browsers. OpenLaszlo provides in a single application, the ability to support multiple deployment runtimes. OpenLaszlo rich internet applications have been used not only by Pandora Internet Radio but big name companies to include Earthlink, Verizon, WalMart, IBM, and Yahoo. Wikipedia, 2011) The most notable technology created and utilized by Pandora Internet Radio and its subscribers is the Pandora iPhone app, which was released in 2008 and accounts for nearly 70 percent of Pandora subscribers. An iPhone app is an application, typically developed by a company other than Apple and designed to be used specifically on the iPhone, iPod or iPad. Apps work much like user-installed software on a c omputer and allow the phone to perform specific tasks that the user wants or needs. Users sometimes pay a small fee for the use of an app, which is downloaded directly to the phone or peripheral. Apps helped make the iPhone and other smartphones a must-have tool for many people who want instant access to information. When the Pandora app was introduced, Pandora began receiving 35,000 new users a day, doubling the previous number of daily signups. Theses technologies are the foundation for the success of Pandora Internet Radio. Although it’s been a long journey, with many setbacks, Pandora is now recognized as the leader in Internet radio. However, the ourney to this point has been a constant work in progress. Founder, Tim Westergreen and company faced many obstacles. Issues such as industry regulations have been a major hurdle that Pandora has had to face. For example, in 2007, Pandora received news that threatened most of its revenue. A federal royalty board had raised the fee that online radio stations had to pay to record labels for each song. This put the future of Pandora in a tailspin, overnight. Pandora, Media Inc. responded by hiring a lobbyist in Washington D. C. and solicited listeners to write to their congressmen. After a two-year battle, the federal royalty board agreed on a lower rate. Fortunately, the company had the perseverance needed to not falter when facing these adversities; unlike predecessors such as SpiralFrog and Napster. And, with the emergence of the popular iPhone, Pandora was able to harness these technologies to gain its competitive advantage. Today, Pandora has over 80 million users, which tune in an average of 12 hours per month. (Schonfeld, 2011) This figure is projected to increase as Pandora service becomes more available in modern makers of cars, televisions, and stereos. Pandora reported it’s first profitable quarter at the end of 2009 with $50 million in annual revenue for the year. (Miller, 2010) It can clearly be seen how the use of technology has been vital to the rise and continued success of Pandora. Beginning with the groundbreaking collection of information stored via the Music Genome Project, to Pandora’s robust online user interface utilizing an OpenLaszlo platform, to the introduction of the Pandora smartphone app, to Pandora’s expansion into the automotive and consumer electronics industry; we can see the enormous impact innovative technology can have in business.

Bilingualism

Bilingualism Colin Baker's definition of bilingualism is complex and is in many forms according to his book, "Term bilingualism" is typically used to describe the two languages of an individual when the focus changes to two languages in society the term often used Diglossia. In practice a language community is unlikely to use both languages for the same purpose.A language community is more likely to use one language in certain situation and for certain functions the other language in different circumstances and for different functions. For example a language community may use a minority language in the home, for religious purpose and in social activity but use the majority language at work in education and then experiencing the mass media.In order understand current development in second language learning I will brief discuss on how the second language learning was believed to be have learnt during the 1950s 1960s and the 1980s.2nd-language-learningFirstly in the early 1950s and early 1960s, theo rising about the second language was very was attachment to practice business language teaching. the idea that language teaching methods had to be justified in terms of an underlying learning theory was well established since the pedagogic reform movements of the late nineteenth century according to Howatt 1988. According to Hawatt he Sums the progressive 1950s language pedagogy drew on a version of strurctrculim development by Freis and his Michigan colleagues in the 1940s. Howatt summarise this approach as followers,The conviction that language system consists of a finite set of 'patterns' or 'structures' which acted as models... for the production of an infinite number of similarly constructed sentences.The belief that repetition and practice resulted in the formation of accurate and fluent foreign language habits.A methodology which set out to teach 'the basic' before encouraging learners to communicate...

Peace in International Relations

Peace in International Relations Introduction According to Marsden (2003), peace can be defined as the as a state of public tranquility or freedom from war. This means that for peace to prevail in a given public setup there has to be calmness initiated by the members of the society or community referred to as peacemakers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Impacts of International relations theories on peacemaking and post-conflict recovery In international relations, peace can be explained in three different theories which are: Realism Liberalism Constructivism Mac Ginty (2003) asserts that the realism theory concentrates on the struggle for power amongst different states and portrays the hardships in doing away with conflicts or wars. It majors on giving reasons for war or imperialism as it focuses on competition for power or property amongst different states as it upholds the charac teristics of American soviet rivalry. Liberalism, on the other hand, advocates for a solution to peace. It is through liberalism that there would be economic interdependence amongst different states hence there would be no threats on states’ prosperity. Liberalism is also concerned with the democracy of a particular state (Hudson, 2005). Democratic countries are said to promote peace by carrying out more peacemaking activities unlike authoritarian states (Marsden, 2003). In addition, Liberalism is said to bring unity among different states as it promotes the interdependence of international resources amongst different states. For instance, the International Monetary Fund offers financial aid to different countries or states. The constructivist theory on the other hand advocates for useful changes in states. For example, a change in the Marxist agenda and the setting idea of capitalism in the current world has caused improvement peacemaking initiatives. These three theories ha ve a great impact in the peace making process described below as they set up the pace for peace making. Thomas and Tow (2002) assert, â€Å"They give advice as evident in the peace keeping techniques on how to approach conflicts and resolve them eventually through the most appropriate means†.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Historical context on how to end war It is due to the efforts made by peace keeping organizations that brought the end of the cold war in 1989. This was brought about by the shifting priorities of individuals in different states. In my own opinion, considering the fact that war brought about losses and lack of time to perform constructive obligations, it is always a good idea to neglect the competition for property or power amongst states but encourage interdependence amongst them. Langlois (2012) argues that war in most cases leads t o destruction of what people are fighting for hence no benefit to any of the war parties. Peace operations to end war or conflict It is usually a good idea to come up with peace operations which are likely to contribute positively in peace keeping or peace building. For example, â€Å"Mission creep† was initiated in Somalia and Rwanda as a measure to calm war. Hudson (2005) asserts that in 2000, there was also a report on the panel on the United Nations peace operations that was meant to promote peace between countries. Individual responsibility Abass (2010) takes the stand that it is significant to note the shift of peace promotion from state hands to the hands of the individual. Individuals are said to be the prime objects of establishing peace between different regions. The behavior of human beings determine so much on state tranquility hence peace starts from individual level to state’s level (Mac Ginty, 2003). This is according to International Commission on Inter vention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report tabled in 2001 that calls upon individuals to exercise peace at individual level. Human security Human security is one of the most fundamental reasons for peace initiatives in a state. It is important to note that human security is held as being vital than the sovereignty of the state. This is mainly because human beings make up the state and without them the state cannot exist (Burke, 2012). Therefore, it is significant to exercise human security as a measure to achieve peace in a state. This can be achieved by individuals employing liberalism in their peace making techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human intervention to end war Dobbins (2005) suggests that in order to avoid conflicts or wars, human intervention should be employed and avoid military action unless war is the last resort to solve th e conflict. Chapter VII of the UN Charter permits use of military force by the international community if peaceful measures prove inadequate though they still must be mandated by UNSC. Though there are many critics to this opinion, it still remains to be the most conscious decision by many governments. Peace concepts In the concepts of maintaining peace, the issue of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) is meant to provide security that boosts peace in an area. SSR (Security Sector Reform) is also involved in creating the right structure for peace keeping in the society. Bellamy et al (2008) argue that the government also takes up the obligation of maintaining peace to its people. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to assert that peacemaking is a vital role in the society that should be promoted from individual to the state’s level for the economic, social and religious benefits of the people. The theories of communication also add up to importance of pe acemaking as they set a pace for peace building. References Abass, A 2010, Protecting human security in Africa, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bellamy, AJ et al. 2011, The responsibility to protect and international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston. Burke, A 2012, An Introduction to International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dobbins, J 2005, The UNs role in nation-building: from the Congo to Iraq, RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hudson, H 2005, Doing’ Security as Though Humans Matter’, Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 155-174. Langlois, A 2012, ‘Human Rights’, in R Devetak, A Burke and J George (eds), An Introduction to International Relations, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.440-459. Mac Ginty, R, 2003, The Pre-War Reconstruction of Post-War Iraq, Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 601-617. Marsden, P 2003, ‘Afghanistan: the reconstruction process’, International Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 92–104. Thomas, N Tow, WT 2002, The utility of human security: sovereignty and humanitarian intervention, Security Dialogue, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.177-192.

Culture in the Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Culture in the Project Management - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that cultural artifact has a close correspondence while speaking about the culture Artifact simply indicates the things that are produced by spending the human labor and his or her artistic knowledge giving a sign of creativity in it. Actually, a cultural artifact is a human-made object, which represents the ideas and values of a particular culture. More categorically speaking, "Starting with the broadest category, we may say that cultural artifact include everything that is judged worth preserving because of its meaning. This doesn't include everything in the world, but anything in the world, concrete or abstract, could potentially become a cultural artifact". This may change due to the variation of the cultural ingredients. The concept of cultural artifact may also vary in the particular context of a given culture. Comic books are also essentially included as the cultural artifact as considering the definition or concep t of the cultural artifact has been defined. It is considered as the unique literary. Comics industry has a longstanding reputation throughout the world. Even this has been expanded in the territory of Asia, with particular attention to Philippine and China. In reference to the comics industry in the Philippine, it is opined that "In 1978, it was hypothesized that since about 2 million commercially produced komlks -magasins bearing 44 different titles and appeared were either sold or released in the blanket, it was assumed, albeit conservatively, that if only six people read each copy, then komlks-magasins should easily have a readership of no less than 12 million". The growth of comics industry in Ireland has a documented glorious history. The rate of selling in the comics industry is radically increasing for it has the immense popularity among the people of Ireland. In Ireland, people are most prone to the comics literature as "the average Irish person prefer allocating new fundin g, theatre, opera and dancing which would be dwarfed by levels of interest in video games, films, and comics". Hence, Ireland has been turned into a fertile ground for the comics industry. Comics industry developed in Ireland is of special significance in regard to the issues of developing comic industry as the potential industry in the coming days. "Prior to 1960, for the outside observer, comic book circulation figures were hard to come by". In tracing out the historical context of the comics industry, it is necessary to mention that the comics books or comics industry for the first time appeared on the market during 1934. Relevantly, at the same time detective comics appeared in the year of 1937. One of the most important and significant comics' literature in its history is the Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1942. After the taking place of the world war second, the selling of comics' books increased at much higher. In the post-war period, the Walt Disney Comics and Stories g ot its highest position in the field of the comics industry as it was treated as the best selling comics books.

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational Essay

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational change necessarily good - Essay Example In addition, organization has to make adjustments because of changes that are happening. It is pointed out above that technological change has prompted individuals, firms and other users to adapt it. Discussion in the next paragraphs relates to causes of organizational changes and causes of success and failure of organizational change. Thereafter, the significant of organizational changes is also reviewed. Halkos and Bousinakis (2012) acknowledge that the change of organization is necessary for them to move closer to larger markets. Change is also important for organization to meet the demands of internal and external business surroundings. Effective change can make a company more competitive and expand its market share. According to the authors, organisational change is necessity brought forward by management so as to attain the requirements of a larger social-economic environment, with the use of organizational structures, behaviours and process targeting growth and advancement of the company. Modern organization have to embrace changes as pointed earlier above, technology has prompted many organisations to change. Adaptation and employment of new technologies is significant for any organisation that has to apply new materials, products, methods and processes. Additionally, the workers of the firm have to adapt to changes and update their skills every day. Furthermore, mergers, acquisition, globalization can make the organization to change. There are other factors such as social and political factors; these factors can make organisation change its processes. Some people have doubts regarding organisational change, however, Burnes and Jackson (2011) point out that the change is important in the current world. Adaptation to changes according to the authors makes an organisation survive for a longer time. Organisational change is vital it is quite difficult to achieve. This is because some

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Much of the research since the late 1950s on the development of role taking and moral judgments has its roots in the research conducted by Piaget in the 1920s. One thrust of Piagets theorizing in his earliest writings dealt with the proposition that children progress from an egocentric to a perspectivistic state. He proposed that children younger than 6 or 7 years of age do not clearly differentiate between self and others or between thoughts (the psychological) and external events. A consequence of the failure to differentiate the self from others is that the child is unable to take the perspective of another person. For instance, in communicating with others the child is unable to take into account the requirements of the listener. A consequence of the failure to differentiate thoughts from external events is that the child attributes an objective reality to internal mental events such as dreams. A major developmental transition was posited to occur when the child shifts from an egocentric state to one in which the self is differentiated from others and there is the ability to take anothers perspective. (Angela M. ODonnell, Alison King, 1999) However, the most extensive research in a social domain undertaken by Piaget during this early period dealt with childrens moral judgments. Those were also the only studies on moral development to be done by Piaget. Three specific aspects of Piagets moral development theory had a substantial influence on later research. One was the characterization of moral development as a process of differentiating moral from nonmoral judgments. The second was the proposed interrelations between general cognitive orientations and moral judgments. And the third was the proposed relations between changes in perspective-taking abilities and changes in moral judgments. (Jacques Montangero, Danielle Maurice-Naville, Angela Cornu-Wells, 1997). Piaget proposed that children progress through two moral judgment levels (following an early premoral phase), the first being labeled heteronomous (generally corresponding to ages 3 to 8 years) and the second labeled autonomous. In the heteronomous level, the child has unilateral respect for adults (regarded as authority) and morality is, therefore, based on conformity. The right or good is seen by the child as adherence to externally determined and fixed rules and commands. The young childs morality of conformity and unilateral respect becomes transformed into a morality of cooperation and mutual respect. The basis for the autonomous level is the emergence of concepts of reciprocity and equality. At this level, rules are viewed as products of mutual agreement, serving the aims of cooperation, and thus are regarded as changeable. (Gwen Bredendieck Fischer, 1999). In formulating the levels of heteronomy and autonomy, Piaget studied childrens judgments about several specific issues, including rules, punishment, intentionality, lying, stealing, and distributive justice. A brief description of the levels can be provided by considering some of the studies of childrens thinking about rules and about intentionality in situations involving property damage, deceit, and theft. The definitions of the moral levels were derived, in part, from the way Piaget had framed childrens general cognitive capacities. Two presumed characteristics regarding the increasing differentiations that occur with development were relevant. One proposed characteristic was the childs egocentricism, the failure to clearly distinguish the selfs perspective from that of others. A second relevant feature was the young childs failure to differentiate the physical world from social and mental phenomena; young children confuse the subjective and objective aspects of their experience. (Richard I. Evans, Eleanor Duckworth, 1973) According to Piaget, one concrete manifestation of young childrens inability to differentiate perspectives and to differentiate the physical from the social is their attitudes toward social rules. It was proposed that children at the heteronomous level view all social rules as absolute. The inability to take the perspective of others leads the child to assume that everyone adheres to the same rules. There is a failure to comprehend the possibility that rules may be relative to the social context or to an individuals perspective. In turn, there is an inability to clearly distinguish physical from social phenomena that leads to a confusion of social regularities with physical regularities, such that social rules are seen as fixed in much the same way as are physical regularities. For instance, Piaget maintained that children regard rules of games as unchangeable; they believe it would be wrong to modify the rules of a game even if they were changed by general consensus. (Harry Morgan, 1997) Another manifestation of the young childs cognitive confusions is that judgments of right and wrong are based on the material consequences of actions, rather than the actors intentions or motives. Piaget examined the relative importance that children attribute to intentions and consequences in situations involving material damage, lying, and stealing. Younger children, it was found, attribute greater importance, in judging culpability, to amount of damage (e. g. , breaking the 15 cups accidentally is worse than breaking one cup intentionally), whereas older children attribute more importance to the intentions of the actor. Similarly, younger children assess the wrongness of lying or stealing, not by the motives of the actor, but by their quantitative deviation from the truth or the amount stolen. In judgments about theft, for instance, children judging by consequences would say that stealing a larger amount to give to a very poor friend is worse than stealing a lesser amount for oneself. (R. Clarke Fowler, 1998). In contrast with the heteronomous level, at the autonomous level respect is no longer unilateral, rules are not viewed as absolute or fixed, and judgments are based on intentions. Piaget proposed that these changes are stimulated by the increasing interactions with peers (such as in school) and the decreasing orientation to relations with adult authority that usually occurs during late childhood. Relations with authorities (parents, teachers, etc. ), he maintained, are likely to lead to conformity and an attitude of unilateral respect on the part of the young child. That is, the child feels that the authorities are superior and that their dictates are right by virtue of their superior status. In order for the shift from a heteronomous to an autonomous orientation to occur the child must more clearly differentiate the self from others and, thereby, be able to take the perspective of others. Relations with adult authorities who impose external rules upon the child are likely to reinforce a heteronomous orientation, whereas relations with peers are more likely to stimulate attempts to take the perspectives of others. Therefore, through increasing interactions with those he or she can relate to on an equal footing, the child is stimulated to view his or her own perspective as one among many different perspectives. In the process, mutual respect replaces unilateral respect for authority and the bases of a sense of justice reciprocity, equality, and cooperation emerge. Rules are then regarded as social constructions, based on agreement, that serve functions shared by the participants of social interactions. The increasing awareness of others perspectives and subjective intentions leads to judgments that are based on intentionality rather than consequences. (John H. Flavell, 1963) In addition to the connections to general cognitive capacities, Piagets characterization of moral judgments was a global one in that development was defined as entailing a progressive differentiation of principles of justice (ought) from the habitual, customary, and conventional (is). In essence, the claim was that concepts of justice do not emerge until the autonomous stage. Thus, the heteronomous morality of constraint and unilateral respect is a morality of custom, convention and tradition, while autonomous morality of mutual respect and cooperation prevails over custom and convention. Prior to the development of concepts of justice, therefore, the child must progress through the simpler, conformity-based conventional orientation. In sum, Piaget proposed a model of development as the differentiation of domains of knowledge. Only at more advanced stages are moral judgments and knowledge of the social order (or even morality and physical law) distinguished. It is precisely on this basis that Piaget thought it was methodologically valid to examine childrens concepts of rules of marble games as a means to understanding their moral reasoning. (Christopher M. Kribs-Zaleta, DLynn Badshaw, 2003) Piagets professional career has been devoted to exploring the possibilities of a psychological theory of relativity. In this approach neither the subject, who knows, nor the object, which is known, have absolute status. Each is conditioned on the other within a continually changing framework. Change occurs through interchanges of actions and reactions. Actions of the subject are like probes equivalent to statements by which the subject says: I think you, the object, are such and such. When acted upon, objects act back, revealing who and what they are. Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Sharon J. Derry, 1998) Piagets contribution to the study of knowledge has been to escape the philosophic traps of subjectivity and objectivity. The former makes knowledge a self satisfying concoction where, for the sake of consistency, the subject creates concepts of objects and reality. This position tends toward error through failure to come to grips with the facts of reality. It puts the subject in control of deciding what reality is and, in the extreme, allows distortion for the sake of maintaining the subjects version of how things ought to be. Objectivity errs at the other end and, in its extreme, denies self-initiated definition, making the subject only a valid recorder of reality. Distortion can occur either through exposure to odd circumstances or through breakdowns in the subjects recording devices. The position of relativity seeks solution to both problems. Its clearest expression is found when both subject and object are given defining powers in their interactions. There is double agency, with the object telling what it is just as forcibly as the subject reveals itself through its actions. (Hans G. Furth, 1987) With interactions as the basic reality, the context of knowledge is dynamic. It is also the means to knowledge insofar as subject and object are able to extract orderly relations from their interactions. These relations among actions and reactions color definitions of both agents. They are the medium for knowing and provide the terms by which subject and object attain their forms. This is why, for example, Piaget argues that space, number, and the like, remain open to redefinition throughout development. Numbers are not things to be grasped but are products from relations abstracted from subject-object interactions. True relations become expressed through numbering operations, which coordinate actions of the subject as well as reactions of objects. It appears that Piagets approach is unique among contemporary psychological theories by its treatment of relations as the topic of knowledge. Relations are primary, with subject and object being their products. For other theorists, these terms are reversed; subject and object are posited and relations come secondarily. In Piagets scheme, neither subject nor object ever gets to know one another with certainty. Together they can work only toward relations that are reliable. Validity is always a relative matter, depending on current relations, which remain open to further redefinition. (Arthur J. Baroody, Alexis Benson, 2001) This point no doubt has stymied most attempts to bring Piagets work into the mainstream of psychological theories. It is like the essential key without which notes may sound similar but actually render a different song. The stumbling block is evident, for example, in the many ways phenomena originally generated by Piagets position have undergone alteration when considered from the view of more familiar theories. Conservation provides the most telling illustration. Few, if any, of these alternative explanations deal with or care to deal with the phenomenon as a conservation of a subject-object relation. The more common explanation states that number or amount is conceived as constant through physical changes in the object. Within Piagets framework, the physical changes are said to remain constant; they are understood as but two versions of a single relation. The relation is between number- or amount-making actions, with their products made ostensible in the reactions of cubes, chips, or clay. Leslie Smith, Julie Dockrell, Peter Tomlinson, 1997) There is a tendency among contemporary theorists to credit Piaget with having shown that children are cognitively active and control rather than being controlled by external objects or other persons. This emphasis has clouded the fact that objects and persons are not benign, simply waiting for children to transform them into this or that conception. In order to put relations in clear relief, it is helpful to give these things their proper due in knowledge. It helps even to anthropomorphize their role. Objects are as active as children. They move, change shape, enlarge in size, fall off tables, roll, and otherwise respond when they are contacted. Each reaction is reciprocal to something children do. In the case of conservation, to use an example often cited by Piaget, the child who plays with pebbles in his or her back yard may come to understand number making operations because the stones react as they do to his or her manipulations. That which remains constant in making a row, then a circle, then a tower, and next two columns is only the relation among these actions from the child and the several reactions of the pebbles. (Leonora M. Cohen, Younghee M. Kim, 1999). It is now possible to outline the meaning of relations in the social domain where knowledge is based on interactions between the child and other persons. The following sketch highlights the general points of the theory. (a) Children enter the world as actors, seeking order and regularity. This search describes their inherent motivation for knowledge. b) Children look for order first in their own actions by attempting to find that which is repeatable and reliable in execution of actions. (c) Insofar as actions make contact with other things, or persons, effects of actions are not solely under the control of the child. These things react in reciprocity to the actions exerted upon them and together the action and reaction produce effects that differ from those that would result from either alone. (d) This fact of double agency naturally widens childrens focus from action to interaction. Because other agents act in reciprocity to childrens actions, children are forced to seek explanations for change and order in the interplay between actors. The foregoing points can be summarized as follows. Suppose the child intends that an action have a particular outcome or effect. The child then executes the act in accordance with this intention. Suppose also that the act engages another person who adds to the original act with a reaction. The coupling of these actions may have an effect that is different from the childs intention or anticipation in performing the original act. It would be futile to seek order either in the childs or the other persons parts, alone. This is why for Piaget, the child is led to seek a solution in the coupling and arrives at the conclusion that the actions of persons are reciprocally related. This is also why Piaget contends that naive egocentrism ends most probably during the childs first year. To maintain an egocentric posture, a child would have to deny the facts of reciprocity made evident through the thousands of interactions experienced in everyday dealings with other persons. Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2001) (e) Thereafter, the childs search for order turns to identifying the forms of reciprocal relations that occur in interpersonal interactions. (f) Piaget suggests that there are two such forms. One is a direct and symmetrical reciprocity where ones action is free to match or counter the others action. The second is a reciprocity of complement where ones action must conform to the dictates set down by the others action. g) These two forms describe the basic relations in which people order themselves as actors with respect to other persons, who are also actors. They provide the epistemic unit from which self and other achieve definition. (h) For Piaget, development proceeds as these relations are structured and restructured. They give rise to social and moral conceptions that pertain to the self, other persons, possible relations among persons, and principles of societal functioning, both practical as well as ideal. (Gavin Nobes, Chris Pawson, 2003)

Explication of Ogichidag by Jim Northrup Essay -- Explication Essays P

Ogichidag I was born in war, WW Two. Listened as the old men told stories of getting gassed in the trenches, WW One. Saw my uncles come back from Guadalcanal, North Africa and the battle of the Bulge. Memorized war stories my cousins told of Korea. Felt the fear in their voices. Finally it was my turn, my brothers too. Joined the marines in the time for the Cuban Missile Crisis Heard the crack of rifles in the rice paddies south of Da Nang. Watched my friends die there then tasted the bitterness of the only war America ever lost My son is now a warrior. Will I listen to his war stories or cry to his open grave. This is the poem that Jim Northrup wrote about war. I am going to Explicate the poem and examine the message that he is trying to express and th...

Query optimization

The solution will bring down the use of specialized hardware thus helping reduce cost and making implementation faster and easier. We shall use a pattern matching algorithm to compare the drivers' driving style to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of various parameters such as speed of the vehicle, radius of turns etc. If the patterns are matched then an alert will be generated in the form of a message, alarm or call. Keywords – Mobile Phones, Sensors, Driving Pattern, Android l. INTRODUCTION It goes without saying; a majority of accidents which occur are due to rash driving.Crashes caused by lack of alertness in vehicle drivers pose a serious danger to people. This is hazardous not only to drivers themselves but also often to the general public. According to the report of U. S. National Highway Traffic Safety Shish Chuddar et. Al. Administration (NATHAN), more than a million people have died in traffic crashes in the United S tates since 1966. Also the main reason for the occurrence of these disasters was reckless driving. Till date, the detection of rash driving has been based on visual observations by patrol officers.But detection through visual observations does not possess satisfactory results. So it is essential to develop systems that actively keep track of driver's operating situations and generate alert on any insecure conditions to prevent accident. It is preferable that the actively monitoring system is real-time monitoring system with quick response, reliable with accurate performance, intrusive and has low cost. Mobile phone being a self-sufficient device, presents a mature hardware and software environment for the development of active rash driving monitoring system.The system based on mobile phone can function effectively on its own because mobile phones are highly portable; all necessary components are already integrated therein, and their communication services have vast coverage. The min imum requirement for such a mobile phone platform is the presence of simple sensors, e. G. , accelerometer and orientation sensor. Now- 2131 wry. I]cams. Org a-days, many phones, especially smart phones, meet this requirement In this paper, we emphasize on using mobile phones as the platform for rash driving detection system development, as they provide the combination for detection and communication functions.We shall build a yester that compares the driving style of the driver to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of parameters like speed of vehicle, lane position maintenance and radius of turn. Driving patterns will be matched at real time. If the pattern matches the pre-stored pattern obtained in rash driving cases, immediately an alert would be generated and a message would be send to a concerned person. The performance of our system is evaluated by conducting real driving tests.During these tests, we drive regularly or imitate the rash driving related behaviors. We also vary the position and orientation of mobile phones in the vehicle for the purpose of validation. The results show that our detection system achieves good performance in terms of false negative and false positive. In particular, this paper is organized as follows: Section II represents the methodology involved in Rash Driving Detection which includes Mobile Orientation, Pattern Generation and Matching and Alert Generation.Section Ill represents the Mathematical Model that describes the input, output functionalities along with the success and failure cases. Section IV represents the System Design here we have mentioned about the nature of algorithm to be used for pattern matching. Section V represents the Energy Efficiency of the system. Section VI contains the implementation details of our system. Section VII concludes this paper. RASH DRIVING DETECTION A. Mobile Orientation The acceleration readings are provided by accelerometers in direct ions of x, y, and z axis, correspondingly represented by Ax; Ay and Az.Acceleration readings in direction of x-, y-, and z-axis are with regard to the body of the mobile phone. A mobile phone's orientation can be determined by orientation angles, I. E. Pitch and roll values. Pitch and roll represent the rotation around y-axis and z-axis. In the simplest case, we assume that the mobile phone is laid flat in the vehicle, with the top of phone toward the head of vehicle, so that the accelerations on x-axis and y-axis represent the lateral and longitudinal accelerations of vehicle, respectively.However, the real situations are more complex. The mobile phone may be laid in the vehicle arbitrarily, neither flat nor heading toward the head of the vehicle. Therefore, we set a calibration procedure to help the system determine what direction is longitudinal. 2132 B. Pattern Generation and Matching The calibration procedure begins to work when the system detects the vehicle starts to move. It s starting movement gives the mobile phone a continuously initial longitudinal acceleration, either forward (to get off directly) or backward (to back off the vehicle first).We denote this acceleration as vector AAA. It is much different from that in human movement. Next, we denote the angle between vector Ax and AAA as the angle between vector Ayah and AAA. These two angles are calculated as: driver's side and a message is sent to a person whose contact details are taken into he system initially at the time of installation of the application. The message would contain a link providing the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of the current position of the driver. The exact location is determined through GAPS.Thus, if the message is successfully delivered, an alert notification would be generated at the driver site and the driver will be rescued with the immediate effect. MATHEMATICAL MODEL S= {Ax, Ay, AZ, eye , ex, If,C, Altar, Alone, An, Ink, save, sham, Dry, AAA, LLC , SEC, U P,IF, FAA, Deed, Then the lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration are calculated using the formula: We have stored the test cases of rash driving data in a file. At run time, we will be matching the above obtained values with the pre-stored data using an efficient pattern matching algorithm.Let S be the system that describes â€Å"Mobile based monitoring of driving patterns. † Let A is the set of x, y and z components of acceleration. Let O is the set of pitch and roll values obtained from orientation sensor. Inputs: {Ax, Ay,Az 0= { eye , Oz} Let C is the set of lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration. Output: C = {Altar, Alone } Function: Sec: (A, 0) -+ C Where F is a non-injective function C. Alert Generation Once the pattern is successfully matched, an alarm is generated at the 2133 Let V is the set representing the average speed reached during driving and the maximum speed of the vehicle.

Pulchara Negotiation

IntroductionThis is paper seeks to analyze and discuss the results of a simulated negotiation between two nations which are Pulchara and Veritas. This researcher represented Pulchara as Deputy Foreign Minister of Economic Affairs to negotiate with the Diego, as the First Secretary for International Legal Affairs from Veritas on issues of compensation caused by damaged to Pulcharas’ farmers crops caused by a chemical pesticide DS-30 leakage from a chemical plant in Veritas that had adversely affected large tracts of Pulchran farmland.After the negotiation, there is a good ground to now have analysis whether there is basis to sustain of the application of tools that this researcher has learned in class to a deeper understanding of the negotiation. The analysis therefore basically as ask reason for the working of negotiation tactics employed in the case and wells as the finding the reasons for the partner having been able to set the frame more effectively than me.Using evidence o f what really happened in the negotiation as well valid references; this paper will try to revisit what happened in the preparatory phrase including the sort of preparation and what strategy did developed.   Included also are the applications of the concept of BATNA, target point, resistance point, position, interest and positions, anchors   during   entry phrase. In addition, discussion extend to framing preferred and applied by the parties, shaping the end game after the first agreements and whether special topics on culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues did play in the negotiation.  Ã‚   A conclusion on the analysis made will form to end the paper.The preparatory phaseAt the preparatory phase, I needed to know what I wanted to have for my country and that is to compensated by Veritas within an amount I believed that is fair enough within a certain predetermined range of figures.   As the representative of Pulchra I approached this n egotiation with a Calculus-based trust. I depended on a history of cordial relationship with the Veritas and hoped they will reciprocate. I felt as if I did not have a great BATNA, because winning the election was main concern, and it can only happen if Diego of Veritas spills out the money. I went in with my Resistance Point at 50 million and Optimal point at 100 million.I found my negotiation with Diego very peaceful and respectful. I ran into a trouble when I could not explain why we cannot export the damage crops in a time of emergency. I have explained to him that the crops were destroyed by the farmers according to our legislation. He argued that they could have been exported to other part of the parts of the world, and our policy states no import over 4ppm.Diego stated that he can only compensate for the 300,000 mt because it went over 12ppm. I could not get him to come to 800,000mt. I became a little forceful and expressed signs of disrespect when he offered 300,000mt for 12 5/mt which comes at 37.5 million. Showing signs of a salesman, he offered 500000mt for 125/mt expressing that the farmers are interested in their inflated price of 125/mt, and agreeing to this agreement will make all of us happy. He explained deal comes out at 62.5 million and knowing that congress will reimburse them will 50 million which will come out as 112.5 million, this being over their original demand of 100 million.   I guess Diego knew that I do not have a good BATNA and that he knew that what is important to me is that I got the farmers compensatedThe use of BATNAMy BATNA (Spangler, 2003) was to walk out of the negotiation is to bring the complaint of the farmers to the international courts and have Veritas pay the higher or actual amount if the Diego will not agree within my Resistance Point at 50 million and Optimal point at 100 million USD. Veritas’ BATNA was clear as Diego was able to parlay on the table ways to expand the pie when he has sensed that I was los ing respect when he started his offer to paying 300 mt at about 37.5 million USD.   Veritas’ side was able to anchor on his belief that my government would be ready enough to give 50 million USD from the act of legislature.The use of framingAs to the use of framing by either side it may be stated that the other side’s preferred frame is the further expanding the pie as Diego saw my limited options. With his knowledge that I am interested to have that $100M   as compensation of the damage for $800M, he as was brave to say that I could get the part of the amount the from my government. I know that knowing the interest behind my position (Fisher and Ury, 1981) taken is more important in negotiation.This I came to know after I have revealed the experience of a country who found it difficult to pay after they found the effort was not made to have the commitment of the responsible country to have at least promised some compensation.   I realized telling Diego a part of my BATNA world worse than it should have been. This happened because Diego perceived that my BATNA is worse than I thought. He used power in the conflicts (Coleman, 2000).Between the two of the negotiator I feel Diego was more persuasive since he seemed to have prepared more for the negotiation up to what level I would be anchoring the negotiation. He seemed to know my asking price. Since his country is basically admitting responsibility he was in a sense to be finding the best criteria to base this country’s liability.   I found that I basically told him what is my interest and he seemed to have read it easily and thus the negotiation was not as difficult as I had expected.The main negotiationAs to the main negotiation, it may be asked: What tactics were used by both sides? Was it more collaborative or competitive (or did it switch over the course of the negotiation, and how)? Why were these tactics effective or not?In response to the questions, I guess both of us applied the collaborative approach (Weber, and Khandemian, 1997; Meiners and Miller, 2004) as I started with the negotiation by approaching this negotiation with a Calculus-based trust. Having depended on a history of cordial relationship with the Veritas and with my big hope that they will reciprocate, I actually set the stage for a very collaborative instead of competitive one.This researcher believes that the tactics employed were effective enough because we chose to expand the pie instead of taking a hard-line position in the negotiation. I was looking forward to the election of the President of my country and who continued stay will also keep my long-term in office as government official and a representative of my country on issues of international dealings like the negotiations I had.As to endgame stage of the negotiation, the following questions   may be asked:   Once we had some agreement on the main points, or a `first agreement`, how did the remaining points shape up, and wha t brought us the negotiators to the final deal? Did we try any `nibbles` or other tactics in this phase? How well did they work?What has kept the negotiation proceeding well, I believe, is based on our giving much importance to our relationships is friends and this has led the negotiation proceeding almost very smoothly. With Diego understanding the destruction of the farmers would be important to my country and his country’s readiness to respond to the need by ad admission of the result of the damage, the issue was more the amount of the compensation.We conducted the negotiation in a relatively peaceful and friendly environment where we feel we could just make thing free flowing.   Diego as I said has the marking of salesman since from his offer of compensating only 300,000 metric tons of the crops which had effectively raised by blood pressure because the amount of compensation would be below my walk away price of 50 million, he was magnanimous and friendly enough to brin g it into 500,000 and thereby sending the amount of 62.5 million USD.He capped it by saying that 50 million could be coming from my country’s legislature and that would exceed the 100 million being demanded by the farmers.  I guess, there is wisdom in what Diego did in jumping from 300,000 metric tons to 500,000 tons as a sign of building greater business relationship   with the offer of buying the my country’s farmer’s products for the next five years.   Diego again I suppose know my BATNA and he sensed that my country’s farmers have limited options where to sell the products.Although a bit satisfied, I felt I should fish for more damaged crops. I insisted that he should compensate for the damage of at least 600,000 mt for the market price of 115/mt. I tried to cajole him into our friendship in the past and that I have to explain the farmers why I cannot compensate for more of damaged crops. They complied according to our law and damaged crops is 8 00,000 mt not 500,000 mt, which you party is culpable of. He was resolute about his offer, but did bend a little by offering to buy more crops from us in the future, which came about 5 years agreement. I could not set the price of future crops with him due to shortage of timeThe relevance of culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues in negotiationAs to whether culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues play in this negotiation, I believe they have played a part to the extent how one negotiator feels about the other.   Diego’s personality was that of sales man and so was I. We felt there was better reason to agree on many things despite the conflict than walking out of the negotiation.ConclusionTo conclude, it may be stated that I felt if I was a little aggressive in the beginning and showed more of a concern about the election, and Verities has no option but to help us out with 100million. By expressing that it is in both Presidents’ interest that we win the election and dictating that there will be no compromise in the 800000mt damaged, especially from a friendly nation. Most likely my deal would have closed with much higher offer than 62.5 million. I still would not have a threat approach, by challenging them to the Nuclear charge. I feel cooperative approach is the only way to go.This experience has also proved to this researcher the importance of frame, the significant role played by having BATAN, anchoring one’s argument of what may deemed fair that could further expand the pie as well the greater benefit in collaborative negotiation rather a competitive one.References:Coleman. P (2000) â€Å"Power and Conflict.† Morton Deutsch and Peter T. Coleman, eds., The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice San Francisco: Jossey-Bas Publishers, 2000, pp. 108-130. Fisher and Ury (1981) Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. (New York: Peng uin Books, 1981), 104. Meiners and Miller (2004) The Effect of Formality and Relational Tone on Supervisor/subordinate Negotiation Episodes; Western Journal of Communication, Vol. 68 Spangler, (2003) Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), {www document} URL, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/batna/, Accessed December 14, 2007 Weber, and Khandemian   (1997) From Agitation to Collaboration: Clearing the Air through Negotiation; Public Administration Review, Vol. 57, 1997

African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essays

African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essays African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essay African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essay African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Introduction: African American Kidney Access and Donation Problems: Variety meats are a scarceness in the United States. This is competently demonstrated by the fact that merely 8,000 of the 23,000 patients expecting a cadaverous kidney undergo organ transplant each twelvemonth. A common wellness status that is treated with kidney organ transplant is end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) . Alarmingly, the disease disproportionately affects African Americans. Members of the African American community are four times more likely to see ESRD than members of the white population. Despite consisting a greater per centum of the patient population, African American patients arenonmore likely to have cadaverous nephritic grafts. In fact, although African American patients comprise about 37 % of the ESRD patient population and 34 % of the kidney graft waiting list, they are receivers of merely 25 % of cadaverous nephritic grafts. African American ESRD patients besides typically see delay clip dual that of their white opposite numbers. The first inherent aptitud e of many may be to surmise that socioeconomic factors are the cause of this disparity. Because African Americans are concentrated in low-income communities they may, as a group, experience the same organ entree jobs that affect low income communities at big. This account, nevertheless, does non keep weight because African Americans are still merely 55 % every bit likely as Whites to have a cadaverous renal graft when commanding for income and geographic country. Many lines of enquiry have been borne out of this disparity, but the most popular account for the state of affairs is a race-based human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) derived function. HLA matching is among the standards used by the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) to delegate precedence to patients who are on the waiting list to have a cadaverous kidney. The usage of HLA in delegating points to wait list participants is based on the fact that proper antigenic lucifer increases the rate of survival post-transplantation . Most surveies explain the African American kidney entree job with the being of HLA differences between racial populations. The proposed solution that typically follows this decision is to set clip and attempt into increasing organ contribution among African American communities, members of which are by and large loath to donate variety meats due to a general misgiving of the health care system. Clinicians carry oning HLA based surveies conclude that the issue of African American entree to kidneys is closely tied up with the reluctance of African Americans to donate. This is a debatable manner of nearing the issue of African American entree to cadaveric kidneys because it relies on race, a societal concept, to explicate immunological difference which is a biological phenomenon. The usage of race in these HLA surveies, so, consequences in ill-conceived solutions that do non efficaciously address the job. These race-based surveies conflate two jobs that are unrelated and should be dealt with individually: 1 ) African American entree to kidney grafts and 2 ) the reluctance of African Americans to donate variety meats. The fact that African Americans do non normally donate their variety meats has little to make with the fact that there is a kidney entree job in the community. Race-based HLA surveies do non adequately explicate the African American kidney entree job, and hence, their consequences should non be used to convert black populations to donate their variety meats. This statement will be supported by a treatment of the debatable nature of racial nomenclature in medical literature in general followed by an scrutiny of the manner in which these jobs apply to HLA surveies specifically. Attention will so be given to the normally proposed suggestion that attempts be made to promote African American organ contribution in the name of relieving the kidney entree job and why it is debatable. Finally, a better solution to the African American kidney entree job will be proposed along with and a more effectual and ethical attack to increasing organ contribution among African Americans. Misplaced usage of Race in Medicine: In order to discourse the jobs associated with the usage of race-based HLA surveies in treatments of organ entree among African Americans, an scrutiny of the jobs with racially-focused biological surveies in general is necessary. Racially based scientific surveies are inherently flawed because they use societal buildings in order to explicate scientific phenomena. The Oxford English Dictionary defines race as any of the major groupings of world, holding in common distinguishable physical characteristics or holding a similar cultural background. The usage of race in medical surveies stems, more or less, from fluctuations of this definition. The thought is that distinct physical features are genetically based, and because racial groups are defined by familial standards it merely makes sense that race has a topographic point in medical specialty. In world, nevertheless, racial boundaries are drawn along historical and sociopolitical lines, and it does non do sense to contorting familial intending out of classs whose standards are imbued socially. Harmonizing to Elisa Gordon, both the nonbiological and biological standards that are used to place races are arbitrary. For illustration, the racial classs in the United States are applied to people from different: geographic parts ( e.g. , Asians ) ; linguistic communications ( e.g. , Hispanics ) ; faiths ( e.g. , Jews ) ; and putative tegument colour ( white, ruddy, xanthous, brown ) . The classs identified by Gordon unite groups of people that may hold loose familial commonalties at best. In fact, surveies have shown that the familial difference that exists between members of the same racial group is comparable to the familial difference that exists between members of different racial groups. Gordon besides argues that lone associations between cultural patterns and wellness should be drawn from clinical surveies, instead than associations between race and genetic sciences. This is because if members of racial groups portion anything in common it would be unquestionably un-genetically coupled cultural patterns ( and even this is non a given ) . This fact entirely should deter researchers’ efforts to associate race and genetic sciences. Making so leads to inherently flawed decisions sing the causes of wellness issues impacting peculiar racial groups and promotes the usage of ill-conceived solutions. As Dorothy Roberts puts it, a renewed trust in built-in racial differences provides a convenient but false account for relentless unfairnesss de-spite the terminal of de jure discrimination. Debatable Race-Based HLA Studies: Race-based HLA surveies used to explicate the African American organ entree job operate under the same debatable premises present in general in race-based medical specialty. These surveies are designed with the thought that racial lines are drawn along biological difference instead than historical and sociopolitical parametric quantities. This is evident in the rhetoric normally used in the surveies. The treatment subdivisions of the bulk of these documents frequently provide the account that HLA subtypes that are common in white populations are uncommon in African American populations. Because of this, African Americans are less likely to have nephritic grafts because the organ donor population is comprised of the white bulk, and the HLA patterns present on white kidneys will by and large non be a good lucifer for African American ESRD patients. This account might do sense if the surveies were good designed both scientifically and linguistically. This, unluckily, is non the instance . In general, the race of HLA survey participants is determined by the clinicians carry oning the surveies. The fact that the research workers determine the race of the participants introduces societal and cultural prejudices into the survey. There is no scientific mechanism for finding whether an person is black, white or a member of any other racial group. Therefore, clinicians rely merely on socially prescribed thoughts of what it means to be a member of a peculiar race phenotypically. For illustration, conventionally, persons who are identified as black typically have darker tegument than persons who are identified as white. A clinician carry oning a race-based HLA survey must trust on this loose differentiation entirely when categorising persons in a survey. A deficiency of rigorous standards for distinguishing between racial groups invites great possible for mistake, and the usage of the beliefs of research workers to delegate patient classs is a far call from the use of the r ules of grounds based medical specialty on which the scientific community prides itself. Self-identification by the patients has been a proposed solution to this job, but this is debatable in and of itself. Most African Americans can non follow their lineage past one or two coevalss, if even that much, go forthing room for mistake even with self-identification. The assorted and cloudy lineage of most African Americans invalidates any claims made about the familial differences between black and white populations. Because black populations have a history of blending with white and Native American populations, it does non do sense that specific familial markers, HLA subtypes in this instance, would be more concentrated in black populations than in other racial groups. Additionally, it is hard to categorise phenotypically black Americans for HLA subtyping because it is likely that they portion familial similarity with other racial groups despite a deficiency of physical similarity. Self -identification is besides flawed because it relies on each participant’s single apprehension of race. For illustration, two survey participants with similar lineage may place with different racial classs depending on their personal beliefs. Effectss of Misguided Conclusions of Race-Based HLA Studies: The blemished nature of race-based HLA surveies consequences in ill-conceived decisions. The consequences of these flawed surveies wrongly demonstrate that the HLA patterns found on the kidneys of white and black patients are significantly different. This implies that a kidney coming from a white giver is improbable to be a lucifer for a black patient in demand of a nephritic graft. Because most givers in the register are white, black ESRD patients are at a disadvantage in footings of organ entree because there are non adequate givers that are a good immunological lucifer for them. The solution that follows from this logic, so, is to set clip and energy into convincing African Americans, who typically have a low organ contribution rate, to donate their variety meats. This solution is unsafe for two grounds. The first is that it attempts to work out a job deeply rooted in societal issues by superficial agencies. The fact that African Americans still have limited entree to kidneys when commanding for income and the debatable nature of race-based accounts of the disparity indicate that there is a deeper issue lending to the African American organ entree job. Regardless of what the issue is, it will go on to be if clinicians continue to fulfill themselves with solutions that do non turn to the root cause of the issue. The over-reliance on race-based HLA surveies detracts energy and financess from more meaningful research that may take to effectual solutions. More dismaying than this is the fact that these surveies mislead non merely research workers and policy shapers but besides an full subset of the population. Encouraging populations who are loath about going organ givers is a good thing as it increases the figure of variety meats available to salvage the lives of ill patients. However, when organ procurance organisations and health care professionals use the consequences of race-based HLA surveies in order to convert African Americans to donate their variety meats, they are proposing that the black community has something extra to derive from this action. This is non true, and it is unjust and uneffective to try to alter the attitudes of a community that has strong reserves about donating due to a historical misgiving in the health care system by disregarding this misgiving and utilizing easy but uneffective solutions alternatively. Organ procurances bureaus should non convert African Americans to donate in the name of assisting diminish the unfairnesss that affect their communities. This is misdirecting and incorrect. Alternatively, attempts must be made to understand the misgiving that fuels African American reluctance to donate. Root Causes of African American Kidney Access: African Americans experience disadvantages at all phases of the transplant procedure. It is widely acknowledged that factors such as personal and cultural beliefs, unequal graft exercise and referral holds by nephrologists play a function in hindering entree at the pre-waiting list phase. However, one time African American patients have been referred for graft and go active on the delay list they still see drawn-out delay times. This disadvantage is about entirely explained by the race-based HLA derived function. Reliance on this account detracts from reforms that could dramatically diminish delay times for African American patients. One such reform that was studied over a 10 twelvemonth period at the University of Maryland trades with the usage of givers who are positive for Hepatitis C. African Americans are twice every bit likely to be infected with Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , so the allowed organ transplant of HCV positive variety meats may be effectual in shuting the spread in d elay times because African American and non-African American delay list members. The execution of this system at the University of Maryland School of Medicine over a 10 twelvemonth period allowed the delay clip for African American patients to be cut from the national norm of 1,335 yearss to 647 yearss. The station organ transplant endurance rates under the system were comparable to those under a system in which Hepatitis C positive givers are non used. African American Reluctance to Donate: Although a race-based HLA derived function should non be used to promote organ contribution by African Americans, the low contribution rate of the population still merits treatment. Surveies that seek to explicate the deficiency of enthusiasm in the African American community sing organ contribution cite a figure of grounds such as deficiency of consciousness and spiritual beliefs. The most alarming, nevertheless, that regularly reappears in the literature is a misgiving of the medical community. There is a long history of mistreatment of African Americans in health care. Possibly the most publicised issue, nevertheless, is the Tuskeegee Syphilis survey in which legion African Americans were lied to about their wellness status and told they were having intervention when they were non. This, along with other likewise dismaying happenings, has shaped African American attitudes towards organ contribution and the health care system at big. Today, about 38 per centum of African Americans refuse to donate their variety meats. The most normally expressed ground is the fright that as organ givers they will non have equal medical attention. As a community, African Americans do non swear that physicians will make all in their power to salvage them before reaping their variety meats for organ transplant in another patient. Despite these reserves, African Americans report a willingness to donate if they can be assured that their variety meats will assist members of their ain community or if they can be straight donated to persons of a specified ethnicity. A clinician running one survey reported that African Americans will be more likely to donate if people realize their organ contribution can do a difference for their friends and neighbours, the people in their church and their community. This is exactly why the usage of race-based HLA surveies is debatable in the attempt to promote organ contribution by African Americans. The consequences of HLA surveies are being used to do it look as though the organ contribution of an African American person will assist a member of his ain community, but more African American contribution will make nil to relieve the organ entree job. Although their purposes may be baronial, organ procurance bureaus are working African American communities by utilizing the consequences of HLA surveies in this manner. Organ procurement bureaus must alternatively concentrate on a more effectual and more honorable manner to promote black communities to donate variety meats. Battling the misgiving that many African Americans feel towards the health care system will non be a speedy and easy procedure, and it must get down with increased cultural competence preparation for health care practicians and an consciousness of the manner in which unconscious p rejudices cause them to handle African American patients otherwise. An investing in this type of instruction will slowly construct trust because medical and African American communities, ensuing finally in increased organ contribution rates among African Americans. It will besides potentially increase African American entree to variety meats due to a lessening in healthcare-related barriers to entree like physician perceptual experience of post-transplantation endurance of African Americans. Decision: The usage of the consequences of race-based HLA surveies to convert African Americans of the importance of going organ givers is debatable and unethical. The usage of race in scientific literature is inherently flawed in and of itself, and its application to the job of African American organ entree comes with its ain set of jobs. The suggestion of these surveies that increasing organ contribution among African Americans will somehow cut down the organ unfairness impacting the black community is based on ill designed surveies, and should non be used to promote the black community to donate. Alternatively, stairss should be taken to understand the root cause of both the unjust distribution of variety meats every bit good as the reluctance of the black community to donate. Merely after clinicians cease to trust on the wrong impressions propagated by race-based HLA surveies, and discontinue trust on superficial solutions will these highly of import jobs be solved.