Big Time Toymaker Case Scenario Essay

1. At what point, if ever, did the parties have a contract? I do not think the two parties involved ever had a contract. In the scenario, the parties reached an agreement only three days before the end of a 90-day deadline set in the original negotiation contract. In the original negotiation contract, it states that there would be no distribution contract unless it was in writing. When the BTT manager sent the e-mail to Chou, he mentioned the terms of a distribution agreement, but it does not make the email a contract as neither party signed it. Only an oral agreement was reached. Without a legally binding draft and the signature of both parties present, no contract existed. 2. What facts may weigh in favor of or against Chou in terms of the parties’ objective intent to contract? BTT had paid Chou $25,000 for the exclusive negotiation rights to his board game which lead Chou to believe they were serious about coming to an agreement on a distribution contract. This is a fact that would weigh in favor of Chou. However, both parties only made an oral agreement, and not a written contract to show this fact. Since the contract was not drafted within the original 90-day period, the new management was not obligated to distribute the board game and therefore, had every right to turn Chou away instead of honoring the oral contract. 3. Does the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail have any impact on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 (above)? No, it did not have any impact on my analysis of the situation. E-mail is a form of electronic communication, not a written and signed contract. While both parties may have communicated their intentions and terms of the contract, they never printed and signed any form of a written agreement. This factor makes all of the difference when it comes to enforceable contracts. What BTT and Chou had was not a binding or enforceable contract. 4. What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? Under the UCC, the statue of fraud applies to a contract for the sales of goods in excess of $500. The negotiations between BTT and Chou were over $500, so the statues of fraud would apply here. Under UCC laws, the statue of fraud applies when a contract cannot be fulfilled within one year’s time. Under these stipulations, the statute would apply. 5. Could BTT avoid this contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would allow the contract to be avoided? BTT would not be able to avoid this contract under the doctrine of mistake. A mistake is defined under contract law as the belief that is not in accord with the facts. A â€Å"mistake† was not defined anywhere within this scenario. BTT has only one real defense and that would be that no contract was ever reached in writing nor signed by both parties. The fact that no signatures on a contract ever existed would be a defense that Chou never agreed to the terms and conditions. Chou could argue that there was no existed agreement due to the time passed between communications of the two parties involved. 6. Assuming, arguendo, that this e-mail does constitute an agreement, what consideration supports this agreement? The fact that BTT gave a check for $25,000 for the exclusive negotiating rights shows that BTT intended to reach a contract with Chou. The two parties also reached an oral agreement, but oral agreements are hard to enforce in court. BTT had also sent Chou a fax asking him to send them a draft of a contract for the distribution agreements. At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might or might not apply. Equitable remedies may have applied in this case. Chou would be able to seek compensatory damages for his losses. These losses could include out-of-pocket expenses and even loss of potential profits had BTT honored their portion of the contract.

The Common Indoor Air Pollutants Environmental Sciences Essay

Air pollution is an look used to depict the air province when the concentrations of chemicals, particulate affair, or biological agents in the air exceeds the recommended degrees and became a beginning of wellness jeopardy or do uncomfortableness to worlds and other beings, or cause amendss to the populating natural environment. Pollution can be resulted from semisynthetic day-to-day industrial procedures and activities or by the nature. There are many signifiers of pollutants solid atoms, liquid droplets, or gases. Indoor air pollution can be arises from indoor and out-of-door pollutant beginnings. Peoples, particularly pupils, spend about 90 % of their live in sealed controlled environments, EPA ( 2001 ) . These sealed environments may hold pollutant beginnings that could hold short or long effects on residents ‘ wellness, comfort, wellbeing, morale and productiveness. The strength of the effects depends on the degree of the quality of the inside air ( pollution degrees ) . In recent old ages, the issue of indoor air and its quality ( IAQ ) has become an internationally recognized issue that caught the attending of research workers and the residents toward bettering the quality of air inside edifices environments. Fanger ( 2006 ) defines the indoor air quality ( IAQ ) as â€Å" the desire of human to comprehend the air as fresh and pleasant, with no negative impacts on their heath and productiveness † . Many research workers such as Wark and Warner ( 1981 ) and Singh ( 1996 ) investigated discussed the beginnings of the outdoor and the indoor pollution that affect ed the indoor air. They found that the indoor air quality can be influenced by the out-of-door air pollution beginnings such as traffic ; industrial ; building, and burning activities and the indoor beginnings such as airing equipment, trappingss, and human activities. Common Indoor Air Pollutants In this subdivision, the common indoor air quality parametric quantities and its outdoor and indoor beginning in add-on to it is wellness jeopardy on human shall be discussed. The common IAQ parametric quantities consists of three physical parametric quantities ( room temperature, comparative humidness, and air motion ) related to residents ‘ thermal comfort which is defined in the old chapter, eight gaseous contamination parametric quantities ( sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , C dioxide ( CO2 ) , formaldehyde ( HCHO ) , radon ( Rn ) , ozone ( O3 ) and hydrocarbons ) and three airborne contaminations parametric quantities, particulates affairs ( PM ) ; bioaerosols ( bacteriums, viruses, Fungis and pollen, aˆÂ ¦etc ) and dusts, In add-on to the treatment of olfactory properties. Sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) This type of pollutant gas has been extensively studied by many research workers around the universe in out-of-doorss environments due to it is high inclination to respond with broad scope of chemicals. SO2 is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent olfactory property and consequences from the fossil fuels burning. Acid rain is one of the out-of-door pollution job cased by this gas. Indoor SO2 concentrations are normally lower than outdoor, likely around 0.1 ppm, ( Andersen 1972 ; Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Due to it inclination to respond with many chemicals, indoor SO2 can respond with edifice stuffs and absorbed by the edifice surfaces ( Andersen 1972 ) . This gas can fade out in H2O and mixes with air in all temperatures. The chief indoor beginnings of SO2 are coal firing inside hearths and utilizing fuel oil ranges and warmers. Sulfur dioxide causes concern, general uncomfortableness, anxiousness, and redness of the respiratory piece of land, wheezing, lung harm, and annoyance of the eyes, nose and pharynx, choking and coughing, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) Nitrogen dioxide is caustic gas with acrid olfactory property and formed in outdoor atmosphere from high temperature burning procedures by the reaction of the azotic oxide ( NO ) with Oxygen ( O2 ) and Ozone ( O3 ) . Motor vehicles contribute to about 55 % of the manmade NOx emanations, EPA ( 2008 ) . The major beginnings of this gas in indoors environments are gas cookery ranges and warmer and baccy fume, Samet et al. , ( 1987 ) . In a survey done by Yocom ( 1982 ) among British school kids it was found that pupils whom suffer from reduced respiratory map are populating in houses with gas ranges. Exposure to low degrees of Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) causes shortness of breath, fatigue, sickness and annoyance to the eyes, nose, pharynx, and lungs ; exposure to high degrees cause rapid combustion, cramps, swelling of tissues in the pharynx and upper respiratory piece of land, reduced oxygenation of organic structure tissues, a build-up of fluid in the lungs, and may take to decease, ( Burgess and Crutchfield, 1995 ; Bascom et Al. 1996 and ASHRAE, 2009 ) . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) CO is a really toxicant asphyxiant and non irritating gas that has no colour, olfactory property or gustatory sensation. This gas produced by the uncomplete burning of carbon-based fuels ( Yocom, 1982 and Meyer, 1983 ) . Vehicular fumes is a major beginning of C monoxide, ( Moolenaar et al. , 1995 ; Girman et al. , 1998 and EPA, 2008 ) . The indoor C monoxide concentrations are frequently higher than the out-of-door concentrations due to the emanation from gas ranges and baccy fume, ( Yocom, 1982 and Girman et al. , 1998 ) . The chief consequence of this gas on human wellness is its affinity for haemoglobin in blood. The inhaled CO mixes with the haemoglobin in the blood and signifiers carboxyhemoglobin that reduces the O transporting capacity of the blood vass. CO is 240 times more efficient at haemoglobin adhering than Oxygen, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . Exposure to carbon monoxide causes concerns, shortness of breath, musculus achings, chest hurting, particularly in people with old bosom jobs history, blurry vision, giddiness, nausea/vomiting, failing, confusion, weariness, rapid bosom rate at high degrees, fast deep external respiration at high degrees, fainting and decease at high degrees, CPSC ( 2008 ) . Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, asphyxiant nursery gas emitted from the complete burning of the C with Oxygen. The mean typical concentrations of CO2 in the outdoor and indoor ( nonindustrial ) environment are 350-400 ppm, and 400-1200 ppm, severally, ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . The chief beginnings of the indoor CO2 are human organic structure through the metamorphosis procedure ( nutrient ingestion ) , and residents ‘ activity. The wellness jobs associated with C dioxide exposure are concerns, giddiness, restlessness, feeling of an inability to take a breath, unease ( obscure feeling of uncomfortableness ) , increased bosom rate, increased blood force per unit area, ocular deformation, impaired hearing, nausea/vomiting, loss of consciousness, coma, paroxysms, decease from suffocation ( organic structure cells do non acquire the O they need to populate ) , EPA ( 2008 ) . Formaldehyde ( HCHO ) Formaldehyde is a colorless with a strong pungent olfactory property and considered as the most of import substance in the aldehydes group due to it is largely used in the production procedure of many constructing stuffs such as foam insularity, plyboard, rugs, burning contraptions and atom board adhesives which releases once more the methanal to the indoor environment. The typical indoor methanal concentrations range from 0.05 to 1 ppm, where in the new edifices the indoor degrees of the methanal are high, ( Meyer, 1983 ; Samet et al. , 1991 ) and most of the complains were from edifices with formaldehyde froth insularity and nomadic places that uses plyboard panelling, Wadden ( 1983 ) . The rate of diffusion of this substance is a map of the indoor temperature and humidness. Exposing to formaldehyde can do wellness effects include oculus, nose, and pharynx annoyance ; wheezing and coughing ; weariness ; skin roseola ; terrible allergic reactions, EPA ( 2008 ) . High concentrations of methanal may do malignant neoplastic disease and other effects listed under organic gases. Radon ( Rn ) Radon is an inert radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless baronial chemical gas component. Naturally, this component can be found as dirt gas contained Rn formed from the decay merchandise of uranium and can stay as a gas under normal environmental conditions. This contaminant component can be found indoors due to some beginnings such as edifice stuffs particularly that rich with Ra, such as alum shale-based stuff and phosphogypsum drywall, deep Wellss H2O natural gas holding high Rn concentrations. Another chief beginning is the flow of the dirt gas into the places through edifice clefts, sumps and any other gaps or around the concrete slab, Bale ( 1980 ) . Due to tightness of the edifices design, the indoor concentrations are normally higher than that in out-of-door environment. Recently, this component is considered as carcinogen component du to it is radiation, which has a critical wellness jeopardy on edifices residents, where it is considered to be the 2nd most ground of lu ng malignant neoplastic disease after coffin nail smoke, EPA ( 2008 ) . Ozone ( O3 ) Ozone is a really reactive pollutant that can oxidise most of the chemicals in nature such as aldehydes. In natural outdoor environment, Ozone produces from the consequence of the sunshine on the N oxides and hydrocarbons. Normally the Ozone concentrations in the out-of-door environment are higher than that found in indoors. The chief beginnings of the high indoor Ozone concentration are the photocopy machines, optical maser pressmans, electrostatic air cleaners and x-ray generators, ( Yocom, 1982 and Wadden, 1983 ) . These beginnings develop electrostatic Fieldss that can bring forth extremely toxic concentrations of ozone in air. Exposing to low concentration degrees of Ozone can do oculus annoyance, ocular perturbations, concerns, giddiness, oral cavity and pharynx annoyance, thorax hurting, insomnia, breath shortness and coughing ( Sittig, 1991 and Apte et Al. 2007 ) , where exposure to high degrees of ozone can cut down lung map or respiratory jobs, such as asthma or bronchitis, ( Bates, 1989 ; EPA, 2008 and ASHRAE, 2009 ) Hydrocarbons Most of the indoor hydrocarbons beginnings are consequences from the different housework stuffs such as widows, oven, drain, vesture cleaners, pigment dissolver and human usage stuffs such as deodourants, shaving picks, hair sprays and air refreshers sprays. The indoor hydrocarbons degrees reach high degrees when housework is in advancement, Meyer ( 1983 ) . The indoor cookery gas ( largely Propane gas ) is considered besides a major beginning of the indoor hydrocarbons which may consequences in serious fire accidents or decease due to deficient care or checking for the gas burner and cookery equipment, Meyer ( 1983 ) . Particulate affair ( PM ) Particulate affair ( PM ) can be found solid and/or liquid droplets atoms suspended in air. Particulate affair can be generated from adult male made ( fossil fuels burning and mechanical procedures ) or natural ( vents, dust storms, and forest and grassland fires ) , ASHRAE ( 2009 ) . There are many beginnings of the indoor atoms such as pets, gas ranges, and baccy fume. Atoms classified harmonizing to its size as all right atoms are those whose size is smaller than 2.5 I?m and harsh atoms are those which are larger than 2.5 I?m. Heinrich and Slama ( 2007 ) argued that the all right atoms are the major menace beginning that affects the kids wellness, where exposing to ticket atoms can consequences in cardiac and respiratory jobs, ( Dockery et al. , 1993 ; Dockery and Pope, 1994 ; Pope et al. , 2002 ; Wu et al. , 2005 and Gilliland et al. , 2005 ) . The PM metals constituents are a major beginning that involves in the development of pneumonic, cardiovascular and allergic diseases, Sch warze et Al. ( 2006 ) . Exposure to high degrees of all right atoms causes wellness jeopardies such as bosom diseases ; respiratory diseases ; altered lung maps, particularly in kids, and lung malignant neoplastic disease and decease, EPA ( 2008 ) . Bioaerosols Parameters Fungi, viruses, bacteriums, fungous and bacteria spores, pollen and allergens are types of the microbiological indoor particulate contaminations. The major beginnings of these contaminations are human, animate beings and workss and it can be found anyplace these beginnings are available, Meyer ( 1983 ) . Due to the deficient care of the HVAC system parts ( capacitors, chilling spirals, canals and drainage pans ) it can be another beginning of taint by promoting the proliferation of the bugs, ( Wark and Warner, 1981 and Samet et al. , 1991 ) . The concentrations of the indoor bugs are higher than that in the out-of-door environment due to the edifice stringency and the beginning handiness. Dust Dust is one type of the solid particulate contaminations. ASHRAE ( 2009 ) defines dust as â€Å" solid atoms projected into air by natural forces such as air current, volcanic eruption, temblors, or by mechanical procedures including suppression, crunching, destruction, blasting, showing, boring, shoveling and sweeping † . Dust immigrates from exterior to inside environment by infiltration air through the edifice ‘s cleft, uncertain Windowss and doors and through the airing system. Dust has wellness effects on people with ultra-sensitive lungs such as people with asthma, immature kids and aged people. Dust causes uncomfortableness for people and amendss home furniture and family equipment. Olfactory properties Indoor olfactory properties are originating from resident ‘s organic structure and their indoor activities such as smoke, cookery, refuse, sewerage and industrial procedures. The human organic structure usually dissipates around 200 types of chemicals which are responsible for the human olfactory properties, ( Meyer, 1983 ) . Olfactory properties do non hold any major effects on the resident ‘s wellness, but it causes discomfort esthesis to the residents which make it as a mark of the hapless indoor air quality. During this survey, the CO2 contamination will be studied to look into the indoor air quality inside Kuwaiti ‘s schoolrooms. The indoor concentration of C dioxide ( CO2 ) has frequently been used as a alternate for the airing rate per resident, ( Lee and Chang, 1999 and Daisey et al. , 2003 ) , where supplying good airing rates with sufficient sums of fresh air can thin and reduces the concentrations degrees of indoor air pollution generated by the different indoor pollutants beginnings. International and Kuwait Indoor Air Quality Standards and Regulations Since the last decennary, research workers were interested to look into the indoor air pollution for different indoor environments and the contamination beginnings to bespeak the acceptable indoor concentration degrees for these pollutants. As a consequence of these researches, many IAQ criterions and ordinances have been developed and established by different organisations indicates the recommended acceptable concentrations degrees for these indoor pollutants. A sum-up of the common indoor air pollutants criterions in ppm ( unless otherwise specified ) are given in Table 3.1. Since people spend most of their times in indoor environments in edifices, these edifices are expected to be good designed to non endanger the residents ‘ wellbeing and wellness. Residents ‘ have good cognition of the different types of the indoor pollutants and it is wellness jeopardies on human, but there is still one facet which is the quality of the air inside the edifice envelope and whether it is equal or unequal which may non hold a menace to residents ‘ wellness. Due to the energy crisis of the 1970s, tighter edifices designs with low air exchange ( fresh air ) with outside environment have been constructed in order to salvage energy costs. Indoor air recirculation airing scheme has been used for constructing airing intents. Although important energy nest eggs was accomplished, research workers reported residents ‘ complains due to a composite and even disenabling syndromes. These syndromes are recently defined as ill edifice syndrome ( SBS ) and were linked to the pollution of the inside air and the degree of the airing. Unacceptable indoor air quality ( IAQ ) conditions may happen in 30 % of the new edifices ( WHO, 2000 ) and may do diverse symptoms and unwellnesss that affect the residents ‘ wellbeing and consequences to increase residents ‘ productiveness lost and work absenteeism. These symptom syndrome which referred to as SBS, may take to important work clip lost and medical costs that affects the national economic system. The ill edifice syndrome ( SBS ) can be identified by the undermentioned typical symptoms such as concern ; chest stringency ; lethargy ; dry thorax ; stuffy nose ; lost of concentration ; dry tegument ; blocked, runny an scabies olfactory organ and lacrimation or antsy eyes. Constructing ill syndrome ( SBS ) and the edifice related unwellness ( BRI ) are non needfully to be the same, where the BRI symptoms such as disease, coryza and asthma are more acute than SBS symptoms in the edifices, Singh ( 1996 ) . Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ ) in Schools Schools are the most of import indoor environments that kids spend most of their times besides places. It is good documented that IAQ jobs in schools and other edifices types commercial and residential occurred during the 1970s oil episodes. Ventilation in these edifices has decreased to salvage energy by depending on the indoor recycled air inside the occupied zone. Children breathe higher volumes of air relative to their organic structure weights which make them more susceptibleness to some environmental pollutants than grownups, ( Faustman et al. , 2000 and Landrigan, 1998 ) . Poor IAQ in the schoolroom could hold negative impacts on kids ‘s acquisition and public presentation, which may hold both immediate and womb-to-tomb effects, for the pupils and for society ( Mendell and Heath, 2005 ) . Many research workers investigated IAQ jobs in schools around the universe, where these probes were conducted frequently for a specific individual indoor air pollutant or a combination of pollutants ( GAO, 1995 ) . In schools, pollutant emanations can happen in many topographic points within the school envelope such cafeterias, swimming pools, scientific discipline labs ( frequently without fume goons ) and computing machine suites. IAQ jobs can consequences besides from the edifice design, building stuffs, type of the HVAC units and the deficiency of care of these units, and crowded schoolrooms. The undermentioned literature is some illustrations of the surveies conducted in schoolrooms around the universe to look into the effects of the different indoor pollutants on the pupil ‘s wellness and public presentation. The NO2, TVOC, methanal, PM10 and asbestos dust concentrations were measured by Cavallo et Al. ( 1993 ) in 10 of course ventilated schools and seven air-conditioned office edifices in Italy. The findings of this survey suggested that the mean NO2, PM10 and asbestos dust concentrations were the same indoors and out-of-doorss in all schools. The effects of generated pollutants from gas warmers on kids in 41 schoolrooms in Australia were studied by Pilotto et Al. ( 1997 ) . A important relation was found between the indoor NO2 concentration and the absences of the pupils from school. The writers reported that strong grounds was found between the association of NO2 concentration degrees and the pupil ‘s sore pharynx, balls and absences from school even at these low degrees. Lee and Chang ( 2000 ) measured and compared the indoor and out-of-door comparative humidness ( Rh factor ) , CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, HCHO concentrations and entire bacterium counts in five air-conditioned or of course ventilated schoolrooms in Hong Kong. The purpose of this survey was to look into whether the mensural indoor concentration degrees are complied with the Hong Kong criterion. In a survey by Daisey et Al. ( 2003 ) reviewed and analyzed the literature of the go outing IAQ, airing and indicated the edifice wellness jobs information related to the school edifice. The mensural airing and CO2 concentrations showed that many of the schoolrooms were have unequal airing. They suggested that although degrees of the mensural indoor pollutants concentrations ( HCHO, VOCs and bioaerosols ) were lower than that recommended by criterions and guidelines, exposures to pollutants in schools are associated with allergic reaction, asthma, and SBS symptoms In Denmark, Meyer et Al. ( 2004 ) conduced a cross-sectional epidemiological survey included 1053 school kids aged 13-17 old ages, in 15 school edifices utilizing questionnaire about the edifice related symptoms and wellness facets effects on the pupils exposure some to indoor pollutants. In this survey the room temperature, CO2, comparative humidness degrees were measured, the dust from the floors, air, airing canals during school twenty-four hours were collected and constructing features including mold infestation were assessed. The writers reported there is no positive association between building-related symptoms and the wet of the air and growing of casts in the school edifices. The writers concluded that cast exposure is secondary beginning and non a chief beginning to either asthma, hay febrility, recent air passage infection, or psychosocial factors. A field survey included 358 pupils in traditional and portable mechanical ventilated schoolrooms in 22 primary and secondary schools conducted by Shendell et Al. ( 2004 ) to look into the consequence of the difference between the outdoor and indoor CO2 concentrations and the pupil absence in Washington and Idaho, USA. The short-run CO2 concentrations were higher in more than half of the schoolrooms. The writers found that a 1000 ppm addition in the dCO2 will diminish the one-year mean day-to-day attending of the pupils by 0.5-0.9 % , matching to relative10-20 % addition in the pupil ‘s absence. In a critical scientific reappraisal about the grounds for the direct association of the indoor pollutants and thermic conditions on the pupils ‘ public presentation and attending in schools, Mendell and Heath ( 2004 ) concluded that exposing to indoor microbic and chemical pollutants beginnings in schools can be linked to increased school absenteeism, asthma, and allergic reaction in kids and grownups. In eight schools edifices in France, which were either of course or automatically ventilated, Blondeau et Al. ( 2005 ) carried out a field survey to mensurate the outdoor and indoor pollution in these edifice. In this field study the writers continuously monitored the outdoor and indoor gaseous pollutants ( Ozone, NO and NO2 ) , and airborne atom pollutants in add-on to the indoor humidness, temperature, CO2 concentration for two 2-week periods. The findings of this survey shows an acceptable No and NO2 outdoor/indoor concentrations ratio, where the outdoor/indoor Ozone concentrations ratio was high and was affected by the out-of-door environment. Writers argued reported that â€Å" the more air-tight the edifice envelope, the lower the Ozone ratio occurred † . They besides found the tenancy is strongly influences the indoor concentration degree of the mensural airborne atoms when the edifices were occupied. In parallel categories of 10-year-old kids, Wargocki et Al. ( 2005 ) studied and measured the impact of the IAQ by increased airing on the kids ‘s larning public presentation. In appropriate lessons each hebdomad, the kids ‘s usual instructors administered parallel public presentation from reading to mathematics undertakings were administrated by instructors to the kids during a school hebdomad period. The writers found that if the airing rate increased from 5 to 10 l/s, a important betterment by ore than 15 % in the public presentation of school work is achieved. In a field survey conducted in 64 simple and in-between school schoolrooms in Michigan, USA, Godwin and Batterman ( 2007 ) , monitored and examined the Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) parametric quantities to measure the degrees of different indoor pollutants ( CO2, VOCs and bioaerosols ) , the emanation beginnings, comparative humidness, temperature and the airing rates over one school hebdomad. During this survey the writers completed a comprehensive and the measurings were used to look into the differences in air quality degree within and between schools. It was found that in many of the tested schoolrooms the CO2 concentrations are higher than the standard degree ( 1000 ppm ) which indicates unequal airing rates, where the degrees of the mensural indoor pollutants were low to chair concentrations. Ventilation Ratess and Energy Consumption in School Ventilation procedure is supplying sums of out-of-door air ( fresh air ) from the outside environment to the inside infinites or zones via flow through of course agencies ( unfastened doors and window ) or automatically agencies ( fans and HVAC systems ) or by infiltration through the edifice clefts. The chief thought of the airing procedure is to supply the comfort and wellness conditions of the residents by equilibrating the thermic comfort conditions and thining the concentrations of the indoor pollutants within the occupied zone envelope. The ingestion of the energy in the airing procedure in edifices is due to the usage the automatically ventilation systems to thermally conditioning the airing air by chilling, warming, dehumidification or humidification procedures or utilizing airing fans. The capacity of the energy ingestion by these systems is relative straight to the addition of the sum of the airing air needed. The airing procedure is guided by the international criterions and ordinances such as ASHRAE 62 criterion by stipulating the minimal airing rates that can run into the resident ‘s comfort and wellness conditions to keep their public presentation and productiveness, while salvaging the energy used. Due to Kuwait clime is characterized as hot and dry desert clime, the usage of the HVAC systems is indispensable in all edifice most of the twelvemonth. Air-conditioning in Kuwait consumes 45 % of the one-year energy production ( 21 G.kWh ) with one-year cost of about KD 0.7 billion, ( MEW-R6, 2010 and MEW, 2010 ) . In Kuwait there is 540 school edifices consists of 14426 schoolrooms occupied by 360634 pupils with an mean ratio of 25 pupils per schoolroom, MOE ( 2009 ) . The figure of schools is subjected to be increase by 10 % annually, MOE ( 2009 ) . Since the beginning of 1990 ‘s, the school edifices in Kuwait were extensively constructed or renovated. Air-conditioning systems were installed in those edifices to supply comfy thermic and wellness conditions. The control of those systems is non under the direct control of the pupils, and this may hold a negative consequence on the pupil comfort and wellness in the schoolroom. These schools consume about 10 % of the state one-year energy production ( 2.1 G.kWh per twelvemonth ) costs about KD 60 1000000s with a day-to-day rate of 16 kWh per pupil and one-year addition of 5 % , MEW ( 2009 ) . The ASHRAE criterion 62 ( 2004 ) for airing demands is considered by MEW-R6 ( 2010 ) codification for the different types of edifices and infinites. Harmonizing to this criterion a minimal airing rate of 7.5 L/s ( 15 ft3/min ) per resident in schoolrooms is recommended with a typical occupant denseness of 33 individuals per 90 M2 ( 1000 ft2 ) and ceiling tallness of 3 m ( 10 foot ) . The current ASHRAE criterion would necessitate an air exchange rate of about 3 air alteration per hr ( ACH ) for schoolroom. Sing to the air alteration rates in hr, the ministry of electricity and H2O recommended an air alteration of 0.5 ACH for schoolrooms for energy economy demands, MEW-R6 ( 2010 ) . The indoor air quality conditions in schoolrooms have to be earnestly considered because pupils are still physically developing, where hapless indoor air quality conditions could impact the pupils ‘ and staff ‘s comfort, wellness and may indirectly impact their acquisition and public presentation and productiveness – this may hold damaging effects on them and the society ‘s hereafter. Ventilation rates and Student ‘s Performance and Productivity Through the literature there are few surveies conducted to look into the consequence of the different airing rates on the pupil ‘s and staff ‘s school work public presentation and productiveness in schoolrooms. Myhrvold and Olesen ( 1997 ) conducted a field survey in 35 Norse schoolrooms to mensurate the pupils ‘ concentration by mensurating their reaction times with different airing rates. They found that by increasing the airing rate per individual from 4 L/s to 12 L/s, the pupils ‘ reaction times were 5.4 % less ( i.e. faster ) . In three public presentation trials used by Ito et Al. ( 2006 ) and Murakami et Al. ( 2006 ) in Nipponese schoolrooms, research workers found that with an addition in airing rate from 0.6-5 L/s the public presentation was improved 5.4 % ; 8.7 % and 5.8 % severally. Wargocki and Wyon ( 2006 ; 2007a and B ) investigated the impact of increasing the airing rate on the public presentation of 10 old ages old school kids with analogue of public presentation undertakings. The writers found that increasing the airing rate from 5 to 10 L/s, the school work public presentation will improved by 15 % and do a noticeable kids ‘s school public presentation and acquisition. In two UK schoolrooms, it was found that the students ‘ work rate increased by 7 % in the mathematical trials of add-on and minus by increasing the supplied fresh air from 0.3-5 to 13-16 L/s, ( Bako-Biro et Al, 2007 ) . Discussion Through the presentation of the indoor air quality literature reappraisal in this chapter, it can be shown that the importance of look intoing quality of the indoor air in the different occupied zones, particularly schoolrooms in schools, to bespeak the pollution beginnings and the degree of the different pollutants that may happen in schoolrooms. The necessity to regularly look into the indoor air quality inside the schoolrooms is due to the high denseness of pupils in schoolrooms and the long period of exposure for the different pollutants beginnings which may earnestly impact the pupil ‘s and staff ‘s comfort and wellness and consequences in serious wellness jobs that can increase the absence from school and increases the public presentation and productiveness losingss. These attendant wellness jobs can impact the national economic system by increasing the national wellness attention disbursals and lost disbursals due to the loss public presentation and productiveness in schools. Investigating the indoor air quality conditions inside schoolrooms is an expensive and potentially debatable issue because it is a map of different factors such as the edifice stuffs, equipment, furniture and HVAC systems where all of them are changing as a map of clip exposure and airing. The rate of airing inside any occupied zone can be a step for the quality of the indoor air. The adequately airing rate can be an index for inside environment, where during the literature many research workers reported that inadequate ( low ) airing rate indicates hapless indoor air quality and frailty versa. During this survey, the airing rates measurings inside the schoolrooms can be inferred by the C dioxide measurings, where the indoor concentration of C dioxide ( CO2 ) has frequently been used as a alternate for the airing rate per resident, including in schools. Lee and Chang ( 1999 ) and Daisey et Al. ( 2003 ) stated that the

Say You’re One of Them

In many respects, the world’s attention has shied away from modern Africa in recent years, most likely due to the unsteady domestic situations in other parts of the world. Recently, however, the collection of stories written by Uwem Akpan, Say You’re One of Them, has brought back to the forefront all of the pain and challenge of life in Africa at the present time. The humanity that comes through the words not only tugs at the heartstrings of the reader, but also makes strong statements about cultural conflict, class struggles and other social phenomena. This research will not only discuss Akpan’s work, but also these intertwined issues within the work. Ultimately, the work will be better appreciated and understood, but also, modern issues will be brought to light. Discussion of the Various Issues of Cultural Conflict within the Story When the research was introduced, the point was made that Akpan’s work was not only deeply emotional, but also makes strong cultural statements. Taking that assertion a step further is possible when using specific examples from the work to identify and discuss the various aspects of cultural conflict to be found in the story. The first of the areas of cultural conflict which emerges in the work is the vast divide between the economic classes within modern Africa. An early story in the work tells of a young boy whose sister turns to street prostitution in order for him to be able to afford to attend school- a blatant attempt to escape the lower class and ascend in African society. So intense is this desire to advance that extreme measures are taken by poor Africans to make ends meet: â€Å"When Baby was born, we pawned three quarters of his clothes to defray debts† (Akpan, 2008, p. 13). Therefore, fellow Africans are in fact culturally divided along economic lines, despite hailing from the same homeland. Language is also a dividing factor in modern day Africa, or more specifically, the way that someone’s voice sounds not only could set them apart from others in a cultural context, but in fact could lead to bodily harm for those of one culture who encounter opposition from another, as seen in this excerpt from the work: â€Å"He was an easy target for the sporadic violence that seized the land†¦a simple thing like his accent could give him away† (Akpan, 2008, p. 93). This is an interesting element of cultural conflict in a highly diverse continent- it is a unique type of situation whereby someone who merely speaks in a different way than others could in fact set them apart and lead to fractured subcultures, but that is exactly what Akpan is portraying. Additionally, there is a subculture of violence that is prevalent in the Africa of today; to be m ore specific, much of Africa is ruled at the present by wealthy warlords, who essentially build their own armies and make their own rules for their own advancement. Basically, these individuals are using force to alienate and oppress their own fellow Africans, keeping the weak in a state of poverty and preventing them from possible improvements that would allow them to surpass their oppressors: â€Å"Our northern generals are responsible for the extreme poverty in the land† (Akpan, 2008, p. 314). Therefore, we see the establishment of a new culture of the powerful over that of the weak. This culture is likewise somewhat restrictive, as the penalty for trying to escape it would be brutality at best, and death at worst. Changes in the Culture in the Story In Say You’re One of Them, there are sweeping changes to African culture that can be seen when looking more closely at the points that are made in work; the culture is essentially shifting from one of proud traditions and an embracing of the diversity of the various nations of the continent to a more divided one, where differences in economic status, language and ability to fight back against those who have the power to destroy one another has taken precedence (Mwaria, et al, 2004). An important point needs to be made here- although what is happening in Africa according to Akpan is certainly distressing, it is not unique to Africa, nor is it limited to lands where opportunity is less than widely available. This can be pointed out with a look into other cultures where division is complicating matters at present. A Study of Other Cultures Like Africa, the United States is a melting pot of different cultures and also like Africa, has encountered its share of culture clash in recent years. This conflict has taken place in several diverse cultures and has divided people in several different ways. First, along lines of ethnicity, the US has seen a renewed level of awareness of the fundamental differences in human beings as a result of the horrific terrorist acts of September 11, 2001 on American soil. Because of this pivotal event, those wishing to immigrate to the US from other nations, whether legally or illegally, have met with opposition ranging from disdain to outrage and acts of unwarranted violence (Moser, 2000). It would seem that like Africa, the diversity of culture that made America such a unique place has been watered down in a flurry of prejudice, fear and false impressions about one ethnic group or another. Instead of introducing new cultures into the American landscape and then allowing them to assimilate into the prevailing American culture, people are being excluded from the opportunity to do so from the beginning, not only depriving them of opportunity, but also stifling the advancement of American society from within. Politically, Americans have also formed subcultures that of late have been in a great deal of conflict. Recent years have seen differences in political mindset become key issues that instead of bringing these individuals together for the sake of healthy debate, have in many cases divided individuals to the detriment of the political process (Shogan, 2002). From time to time, this difference has also turned volatile in more than one instance as wars of words sometimes turn into acts of violence. Lastly, class envy is also alive and well in America, creating cultural conflicts, especially given the current dire economic climate in the world. Tied closely to the political issues of the nation, economically diverse people are commonly divided by a lack of understanding of each other’s culture- a culture defined by money and privilege or the absence thereof. Overall Analysis of the Reading Akpan’s book opened the eyes of the researcher in many ways, not the least of which was in terms of gaining an understanding that cultural differences can either create a wonderful blend of different traditions and ideas or can divide people and lead them to destroy others. This realization evoked in the researcher the feeling that diversity must be embraced, lest its power consume and destroy one culture at the hands of another. Conclusion The research has made important points about culture, diversity, and the perpetual change of the human condition. In conclusion, perhaps the best point to take away from the research is the fact that without a tolerance at least and embracing at best of diversity, no one can truly be free.

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community - Essay Example A number of various factors tension the cohesion of the group. The greatest tension affecting the group is unethical use of instant messaging platforms. Some people use instant messaging to propagate hate speech, racial sentiments, and biased political ideas among other unethical uses. Another cause of tension of the cohesion in this community is that information that is sent on this community may not be appealing to all classes of people in this community. I am a regular user of this instant messaging. In one of my instant messaging community, I fit by finding friends who I know. These friends are my classmates and my former classmates, my sisters and brothers, my parents and relatives, as well as friends who I hang out with during weekends, games, and window-shopping. I want to be part of this community because I find it entertaining to socialize with my fellow friends. The community is also informative and thus of great value to its members. I get to know other friends who I may not have come across physically in this group too. It provides a great network of friends, information, and

Thematic Paper- Noah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Thematic Paper- Noah - Essay Example It is therefore the institution of religion came into being.  Looking into the history of the world at large, it becomes evident that religion existed in all human societies from the most primitive to the most modern ones. â€Å"Humans have formed their own beliefs (called probability belief in mathematics and science) about the set of unknowable elements of the universe.   They have branded their beliefs about the unknowable as religion.† (Acharya, 2006) Since religion is a highly diversified subject, different societies maintain different religious faiths and beliefs. Not only this that it varies from society to society and from one culture to the other, but also one single society contain the followers of different religions in it. The religious cults, practices and festivals vary among the followers of different religions, though there are some similarities too. The main living religions include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism an d others, among which Judaism, Christianity and Islam share almost the same mythology and traditions. The holy personalities and their life-sketch is also one and the same according to their holy Scriptures. The traditions about patriarch and holy prophet Noah is also common among the three. The guidance of humanity is the basic theme behind the foundation of a religion. The concept of prayer and meditation exists in all the religions of the world, which is also the outcome of the search for truth and justice. The source of spiritual guidance and inspiration i.e. the Divine Scriptures reached to man through the prophets of God. These Holy Scriptures of Abrahamic religions including the Torah, the Old and New testaments, the Bible and the Quran clearly reveal how severe trials the holy men had to forbear to spread the message of God. The name of the Patriarch and Prophet Noah is at the top of the list of greatest people. Noah maintains a very dominant place in

America as a Christian Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

America as a Christian Nation - Essay Example And that they do it only by necessity. According to him "injustice is more profitable to an individual than justice." (360 B.C.) However, it has been a popular teaching in Christianity that God gave men free will. And according to C.S Lewis, it is that same free will that made evil possible. (1943) Men are then free to do good as well as evil. Therefore, because of this free will, in my opinion, it doesn't matter whether or not men are born just or not. Nor is the reason why men are unjust, whether by whim or necessity. All that matters is that men have the capacity to be unjust. And it is that capability for injustice that should be constrained, but how It has been argued that the best of all things is "to do injustice and not be punished," the worst is "to suffer injustice without power of retaliation," (Devine 2004) hence the middle ground is what we call justice as imposed by government. And I agree. I believe that it is the existence of the government that constrains this capability of evil. It provides for laws, renders judgment and imposes punishment. I agree with Rousseau when he stated that even if God did not have a hand on the legitimacy of the government, it is God that gave the individuals inalienable rights. (Devine, 2004) And this includes the right to form a unified body to govern them. You need not be Christian. You can be Muslim or Jewish. You may even call your God different names. But I think, if one believes that all men has inalienable rights, he or she must believe that there is a higher power bestowing that right. Because if the contrary was true, that there is no higher power, then men would be the highest power. We are all gods. I don't think that's right. If we are all gods, that would lead to chaos. As such, since the power of the American government emanates from the people, America as a nation must believe in a higher power, a religion. Why Christianity One main reason why America leans towards Christianity more than the other religions is because of history. We have learned in the readings that through conquests, Christianity was spread from Europe, to the American continent. However, there are also other religions brought by immigrants inside America. There is also the fact that there are many who prefers not to believe in any religion at all. But despite that, I still believe that America is still a Christian nation. Why Because of its teachings. No matter if you call yourself an atheist or declare that you believe in some other god, if you practice what Christianity preach, I call you a Christian. So what are these teachings Firstly, Christianity teaches us to be just, to respect and to do no harm to another. These are the basic virtues that lead to the very goal of our Constitution: the protection of life, liberty and property. Secondly, Christianity t

International Investments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Investments - Essay Example ne thing that makes Indian stock market as a good long term investment according to the article â€Å"Advantages for NRIS investing in the Indian Market† 2011, is that most of its stocks are correctly valued, returns of investment are excellent and its stock market is well regulated. In my observation, based on financial reports, India has a booming economy and is one of the emerging economies next to China. As such, confidence of investors is rising such that there are continuing interests from foreign multinationals on Indian companies. As compared to United States that is experiencing a slow economic growth; investors are losing interest of holding US dollars and therefore lessen interest in US investment. These investors now look for new investments in emerging countries like China, India and Brazil. India has advantage on this as the government continuously works on its deregulation and free market principles to attract investments. Because of the investors’ intere sts, the economy of India is expected to improve further and reach a high GDP figure of 10%, and economic growth will continue on years to come. Economic activities along this line are take-over, acquisitions and mergers and are spreading on iron and steel, spirits, manufacturing, auto parts, not just IT, and equity. Investment in the Indian debt securities, I believe, is a good investment because according to BSE (2011), the Indian debt market is one of the largest in Asia. Securities are issued by the government (central and state), public sector, other government bodies, financial institutions, banks and corporations. As such, the fixed income securities become one of the most attractive investment opportunities since it provides safety of investments, adequate liquidity, and flexibility in structuring a portfolio, easier monitoring, long term reliability and assured returns (India Debt Market, 2010). Fixed income securities may either be interest-bearing bonds, varied type of debt

Accounting for Costa Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting for Costa Company - Essay Example expenses 4,500 Property taxes 6,500 Rent 22,000 Operating Income 84,100 1. The case of Costa Company reflects a case having one error in the valuation of closing inventory recorded in the company’s books and one omission of sale transaction. Both types of mistakes made by the company can have significant impact on the true reflection of the company’s financial position. As in the case of incorrect valuation of inventories being overstated has a negative impact on the book value of the company and at the same time it causes costs of goods sold to be understated. The understatement of cost of goods sold has a positive impact on the company’s profitability (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2010). This is often done by managers in order to fictitiously boost the company’s profits in the short term to gain certain financial benefits and later on losses are recorded in books, which would ultimately have a negative effect on shareholders’ value invested in the c ompany. Moreover, companies are often involved in changing methods of inventory valuation i.e. FIFO, LIFO, and Average Costing between accounting periods, which if performed without proper scrutiny could lead to major change in the value of the company’s closing inventory and hence, making the financial statements incorrect reflections of the business position. It is therefore necessary for businesses and regulators to ensure that companies maintain uniformity in the selection and application of the accounting standards. If it is deemed necessary then previous accounts must also be revised to reflect the true position of the company’s business (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011). On the other hand, omissions are regarded as certain transactions or amounts deliberately or non-deliberately left out of the company’s books and no entries are made by the company (Warren, Reeve, & Duchac, 2012). In the case of Costa Company, although the amount of sale transaction was not signi ficantly high, but certain transactions could surely mislead the company’s financial position reported to shareholders. This would cause understate profit of the company and hence, it would affect the equity position of the company which is reported as retained earnings in the company’s balance sheet (Porter & Norton, 2010). 2. From the income statement of Costa Company as prepared above it could be indicated that the company is generating a gross profit of $211,790 which is arrived at after deducting costs of goods sold after making adjustment to the closing inventory value from the company’s revenues, which are also adjusted for the missing transaction of $5,000. This reflects that the company is operating at high gross profit margin of almost 34% in the year 2012. After deducting all operating expenses and property taxes the company has generated a net income of $84,100. This is lesser than before which was recorded without taking into account errors and miss tatements. This indicates that if companies fail to take into business transactions or wrongly value and report an entry then this could lead to falsification of the entire financial statement and incorrect information passed onto shareholders who rely on the financial statements for their decisions (Fridson & Alvarez, 2011). This reflects that the company has a net profit margin of 13.5%. All these indicators reflect that the company is a profitable entity and shareholders can expect good returns on their investments in the company. 3. Costa Company 31-Dec-12 Balance Sheet Current Assets Accounts receivable 18,000 Cash 41,500 Inventory

E-Commerce and IT Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Commerce and IT Security - Essay Example initial forms, cell phones had specific and limited operational potentials; today cell phones have development a lot in order to respond to their new role as a primary mode of communication – an indicative example is the BlackBerry, a cell phone with advanced capabilities – for instance the Organiser or the GPS (referring to the Smartphone features, see the firm’s website); on the other hand, the fact that mobile phone has become the primary mode of communication has led to another problem: the social life of people takes new forms; the isolation of individuals is promoting; in this context, the mobile phone is no longer just a convenience; this change of the role of mobile phones should be reviewed. It should be noted that the above initiative is expected to face strong opposition if taking into consideration the fact that mobile phone is regarded as related with daily life at such a level that the warnings on the risks from its extensive use are ignored  œ like in the case of ‘electrosensitivity’ a health problem related with the use of mobile phone (Rubin et al., 2008, p.1). On the other hand, even in cases that rules were set for the use of mobile phone (for instance, when driving) these rules were not applied (Walsh et al., 2008, p.1893). Current paper examines key points on the use and the advances of mobile phones, e-commerce and IT-security aiming to explain their development internationally. Airtexting offers the ability to communicate ‘in silence’ – i.e. without actually speaking. This means that the people around are not likely to notice the specific activity; however, in practice this benefit of airtexting is lost because of a severe disadvantage: the ability of anyone near the sender to read the text of the message. At this point a dilemma is set? Is privacy of higher importance than the need for communication? It depends on each person’s perceptions and experiences. From a personal view, I would characterize this feature as

Sunset Boulevard as a Genre Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sunset Boulevard as a Genre Film - Essay Example Many critics argue as to whether noir is a genre or a sub-genre. As Martin Scorcese says in one his documentaries, noir is a sub-genre of drama and doesn’t have any unique definition. Filmmakers like him say that term noir is just a term that is used to indicate certain stylistic elements which are common in the movies of 1940s and 1950s. In the wake of this dilemma among the critics, this essay puts forward a hypothesis that identifies itself with the claim of many film critics that it a noir movie. In this essay, the movie shall be tested against the framework of conventional noir movie making and an analysis shall be made about the genre of the movie. The analysis shall be comprehensive and include detailed examples from the movie and also various secondary sources of information. Sunset Boulevard is widely regarded as a cult movie and one of the epic movies belonging to the noir genre. First of all, it is important to establish what is a noir genre and how did it develop in Hollywood. During the 1930s many artists, directors, and composers were ousted from Germany by Hitler. These people came to Hollywood and started to work there. The political and social situation of Germany instilled in them a sense of cynicism. It is a known fact that the German government at that time was involved in the systematic killing of millions of people. This cynicism and pessimism was carried forward and brought to Hollywood. The German Expressionist cinema, when combined with the Hollywood’s fascination with crime, created a genre called noir. This term was not used at that time but was later coined by critics in the 1970s to describe a kind of films that were made in the 1940s and 1950s.

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research project - Essay Example These three areas if viewed from the map represent an equilateral triangle with close proximity to each other as well as their convergence near the central region instil an interesting dimension to the research which would be further reflecting the effectiveness of the governmental policies in these adjoining areas (Beer, 2003). The research will direct its focus on the intermediate people of the region and will be exploring the living standards of these people. Education as an important parameter in influencing occupation For the purpose of comparison among the occupational pattern of the three areas, education can be regarded as an important parameter. Occupation generally reflects quality of life, social status, scope of future development and impact on the family life (Salary and wages in Australia, 2011, p. 1). Occupation reflects the income aspects in the life of the people and education acts as a very important variable linking occupation as well as income (Pearson, 2011). Now the focus will be on the employment structure of each of the post codes in study with respect to Australia as a whole. Let us first consider the case of Sury Hills. Employment patterns in Sury Hills The calculations derived from prior the week of census 2006, a total of 3,514 people aged 15 years and over constituted the total labour force in comparison with 9,607,987 in Australia as a whole. 66.9% were employed on a full time basis in comparison with 60.7% in Australia as a whole. 22.5% were employed on a part time basis in comparison with 27.9% in Australia as a whole. 3.4% were employed but were away from work with comparison of 3.5% in Australia as a whole. 2.3% of the people showed employment but without stated hours of work in comparison with 2.6% in Australia as a whole. In the unemployed category 4.8% were found to be unemployed in comparison with 5.2% in Australia as a whole (2006 Census QuickStats, Sury Hills 2012). Fig.1. (2006 Census QuickStats, Sury Hills 2012) Employm ent in different sections/departments The professional accounted for around 35.6% of the employed persons over the age 15 years in comparison with 19.8 in Australia as a whole. The percentage of

Christo and Jeane Claude Essay Example for Free

Christo and Jeane Claude Essay Christo and Jeane Claude are a husband and wife team. These two artists are famous for transforming the ordinary into fabulous artwork, such as wrapping buildings. They accept no government grants or funding, no donations, their only income is from the sales of their artwork. Nearly all of their artshows take place outdoors, often in public parks requiring no admission fees. Their identity or famous slogan as the wrapping artists came from their controversial work named Wrapped Reichstage, Berlin, 1971-1995, an entire German Parliament Building in silver fabric looking like a wedding cake. (Sternbergh,no date). Many significant national symbols have been transformed and giving new identities by many artists. Buildings, nature’s creations, world events have become best selling books, movies, musicals, songs and plays. Anytime an artist develops anything, adding their identity to it, the item takes on that new image. The Christos saw buildings in a way no one else saw it. The Reichstage building in Berlin became a piece of sculpture or artwork when Christo and Jeane Claude wrapped the building. Artwork expands on natural traditions, allowing others to use their imaginations to interpret the meanings. â€Å"The Christos have created some of the most breathtaking works of the 20th century using fabric in, over through and around natural and constructed forms† Powell, director of national art gallery. The Christos use fabric to give an original style to traditional paintings, sculptures and buildings† (no author, 2002).Wrapping the Reichstage building, giving the illusion of a wedding cake transformed the building into an artistic sculpture. Notes; Sternbergh, Adam (no date) The passion of the Christos; New York Entertainment; nymag. com date retrieved July 24, 2007 http://nymag. com/nymetro/arts/features/10897/ No author (2/4/2002) First American Survey of Christo and Jeanne Claude; artdaily. org; Date retrieved; July 24, 2007 http://www. artdaily. com/section/news/index. asp? int_sec=2int_new=48b=Christo%20and%20Jeanne-Claude

Gourmet Pasta Brand Analysis

Gourmet Pasta Brand Analysis Name- Charanjot Sethi Introduction:- As I have done in the first assessment how to prepare the audit for gourmet Pasta and in this assessment I am going to do conduct a audit to see progress of that business and I would use all this sales records and their financial records that has been increase or decrease by the last one year or two years. The many types of pasta in your kitchen have traveled a long road. Soon after early man began to plant grain, woman began to grind flour; shape or cut lumps of dough, and throw them in the soup. Thus was pasta invented at different times and in different parts of Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean Scholars and others have traced-and imagined-lines of migration and influence, but they look more like fussily than spaghetti. Along the journey from prehistoric dumpling to tagliatelle al ragà ¹, neat timelines are few; the most rewarding route will be a tour of scattered highlights. Conduct an external audit:- Data and information is classified as their qualitative or quantitative. As that gourmet Pasts Company was using flyers in local letterbox but that was only junk mail anyway. It can be easily to measured and analysis to determine quantity or extent of factors being investigated. Quantitave data is focused on words and observation not numbers. as that pasta company gives us their sales records for that year of 2009 which are showing that how was their sales going on into that time in the market. External audit:- EXTERNAL AUDIT is an audit conducted by an individual or firm that is independent of the company being audited. These independent auditors audit the books of a company generally once per year after the completion of the companys fiscal year. Their role is to give an opinion of the financial statements reflection of the status and operations of the company being audited. Based on what they witness during the audit they will also produce, for management and board utilization, a management letter. Although a financial statement audit is the most common type of external audit, external auditors may also conduct special purpose audits which might include; performing specific tests and procedures and reporting on the results, a less intensive review, and compilations. An external marketing audit covers issues such as economic factors, demographic factors, technology factors and legal factors. Economic factors: gourmet pasts company thinks about their sales that has a big change from last years and they are not having a up to date staff that who could provide all the information as they mentioned in the case study one of their staff member do not know how to attended phone call for the take away orders and that effects the business most. They are not achieving short, medium and long term expectation of their business in regards of their staff and their credit availability. Demographic factors: according to the demographic that area has most of the people between age group of 25-50, and young professional who live close to the location and their income over $60000. I think they have to be careful because they are getting trouble with their competitors that next to them and they all are busy all the time that affects a lot on gourmet pats restaurant. Technological factors:-gourmet pasta have problem about their parking area that have big impact on people having access to the restaurants at night. They should provide new products and they could change their names according to their types. They could start doing online services and need to update their business and services that they are providing to the customers. Legal factors:-according to me they have to follow the rules and regulation according to the government if they changing their price list they should mentioned in advance to their regular customers because it impact the business lot. They have to keep in mind what are the new rules and make sure they are following them according to the government. External micro factors:- those factors that meet audit requirements include:- Market characteristics:-  that is the trend of market for restaurants is headed towards a more sophisticated customers. The restaurants patron today relative to yesterday is more sophisticated in a number of different ways. As now days the preference for high-quality ingredients is increasing as customers are learning to appreciate the qualitative differences. Customer need:- sartos pasta is providing with a wide selection of high-quality pasta dishes that are unique and pleasing in presentation and utilize top-shelf ingredients. Sartos gourmet pasta seeks to fulfill some benefits that are important for their customers. Competitors factors: as the owner of pasta restaurant explained that their competitors, had built a large 30 seat outdoor eating area and that it seemed to be full every time he went past and looked in and also one of the franchise chains, pasta bite, had opened up in the adjacent suburb giving the local customers greater options in pasta. Conduct internal audit: Internal audit is a dynamic profession involved in helping organizations achieve their objectives. It is concerned with evaluating and improving the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes in an organization. To do this, internal auditors work with management to systematically review systems and operations. These reviews (audits) are aimed at identifying how well risks are managed including whether the right processes are in place, and whether agreed procedures are being adhered to. Audits can also identify areas where efficiencies or innovations might be made. Internal audits are organized under an ongoing program of review and advisory activity this is based on the strategic needs of an organisation. In the course of their role, internal auditors work across all areas of an organisation. In addition to core areas of financial control and IT, they review the tangible aspects of operations, such as an organizations supply chain or IT systems; as well as more intangible aspects such as organizational culture and ethics. In fact, any system that has an impact on the effective operation of an organisation may be included in internal audits scope. The criteria to be used:-in the internal audit we are focusing on sales analysis, SWOT analysis, product development, profitability and efficiency. they all are mentioned below:- SWOT analysis:-a swot analysis examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the business. As we strengths and weaknesses are factors that are able to control by the business. They both need to be consider from the perspective of the customers and should only be assessed based on their ability to assist or prevent the business in meeting market needs. Opportunities and threats exist independent of the business and are often beyond its control. Pasta company owner has to match internal strengths with external opportunities to create the best competitive advantage. Sales record:-as the company financial record staff member gave me the detail about the actual sales of 2009 which is below:- Segment Budget-2009 Actual-2009 individuals 120,000 121,000 families 150,000 112,000 Take away 180,000 203,000 Total 450,000 436,000 Functional efficiency, internal interface and:- Gourmet pasta restaurants owner need to make sure that their relationship between sales and marketing are good and they are working effectively or he need to bring some changes in. to make sure everything working properly he need to check all the service are up-to date and products and their technological skills are changed according to the new time basis. He should know that their staff members know all the service how to answers on the phone and how to serve people with reasonable manners and that would impact his business with positive way. He should know about all the problems that are happening into the business and he need to consternate on them and they need to be fixed such as manufactured, fiancà ©, purchasing and new product development. Marketing system:- Marketing system is a set of procedures and methods designed to generate, analyze, disseminate, and store anticipated marketing decision information on a regular, continuous basis. An information system can be used operationally, managerially, and strategically for several aspects of marketing. A marketing information system can be used operationally, managerially, and strategically for several aspects of marketing. We all know that no marketing activity can be carried out in isolation, know when we say it doesnt work in isolation that means there are various forces could be external or internal, controllable or uncontrollable which are working on it. Thus to know which forces are acting on it and its impact the marketer needs to gathering the data through its own resources which in terms of marketing we can say he is trying to gather the market information or form a marketing information system. This collection of information is a continuous process that gathers data from a variety of sources synthesizes it and sends it to those responsible for meeting the market places needs. The effectiveness of marketing decision is proved if it has a strong information system offering the firm a Competitive advantage. Marketing Information should not be approached in an infrequent manner. If research is done this way, a firm could face these risks: Opportunities may be missed. There may be a lack of awareness of environmental changes and competitors actions. Data collection may be difficult to analyze over several time periods. Marketing plans and decisions may not be properly reviewed. Data collection may be disjointed. Previous studies may not be stored in an easy to use format. Time lags may result if a new study is required. Actions may be reactionary rather than anticipatory. And the owners of that business have to control all those kind of risk and problems that affect the business. Marketing productivity:- Measuring too much can be as bad as no measurement at all. ECI will assist you in navigating through the data and research maze of marketing analytics. The result of our data architecture audit is clearly defined key performance indicators that explain and clearly correlate to long- and short-term marketing and business success. To secure transparency and up-to-date overviews of your marketing performance we will support you in the implementation of extranet and dash-board solutions. Technology will not only increase productivity in the day-to-day marketing process, but also secure ownership of information and models related to your significant marketing and media investments. The system will track your investments from allocation of funds for marketing all the way to the profit and payback. The output of the process will be clear input to future briefings.

Limited Liability Corporations: Advantages and Disadvantages

Limited Liability Corporations: Advantages and Disadvantages INTRODUCTION Definition of a limited liability corporation (LLC) This paper will first commence by giving the exact meaning of a limited liability corporation. A limited liability corporation (LLC) is the usual incorrect name used instead of a limited liability company. Therefore the limited liability company and the limited liability company both refer to the same thing. Following the clarification made above it is therefore correct to say that a limited liability company (corporation) is a legally known business institution that gives a limited type of liability to its members (owners). It must be remembered that the limited liability corporation as it is known is not a corporation but is also a kind of association that is unincorporated. The only existing feature that is similar between a limited liability corporation (company) and a corporation is that both have or give their owners limited liabilities. The LLC bears the flexibility advantage over the normal corporation. In order to further simplify the definition of an LLC; it is a business entity that has both the qualities of a partnership type of business and a corporation (Mancuso, 2007). The Internal revenue service authority has realized that the LLC are very popular due to their flexibility. The owners of these LLCs are also known as members and these members could range from individual to corporations, foreign institutions and even other LLCs.the American LLCs have an unlimited number of maximum members. Its also true as regulated by the IRS that certain business institutions cannot be LLCs these institutions include:- Banks Insurance companies Nonprofit organizations History of limited liability corporations (LLC) This type of business has been in existence for a while now and it has been adopted in many parts of the world, this type of business is also protected and bound by law in the many different countries. There operations might be slightly different but the main principles that govern their running remain the same (Shenkman, Weiner Taback, 2003). The different history stories will give a clear a picture of how the LLCs operate in the different countries and their governing principles. This paper will look at the history of LLCs in the United States of America. History of LLCs in the United States of America The LLCs in the United States were as a result of inspirations from a German business organization, the business organization is known as the GmbH.The American LLCs also got their inspirations from the business model of many Latin American countries also known as the Lamitadas (Wood, 2000). The history of the LLCs in America is quiet interesting with the LLCs making their first appearance in the year 1977 in a state called the Wyoming. The Wyoming state had come up with a Limited liability Company act for an oil company, three years later there was a ruling by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and a private letter was issued to the LLC Company that was formed under the Wyoming LLC act. The letter had stated that the IRS would treat the LLC under the Wyoming LLC act as a partnership for the purposes of Federal Tax (Humphreys, 1998). The IRS would later propose legislations that would deny all business enterprises (that had owners whose liabilities were limited) the partnership classification, further complicating matters for the LLCs. Many American states introduced the LLC act in the year 1988 due to the uncertainties that were arising due to the tax issue that were facing the LLCs. This is because the IRS in that year did pass a revenue ruling that finally accepted the Wyoming type of LLC companies formed under the Wyoming LLC act as partnerships for tax related purposes. Every state had installed an LLC act by the year 1996 and in that same year a body called the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws worked to adopt the Uniform Limited Liability Company act. This act was then revised in the year 2006. Facts about taxation of LLCS There are a few facts about the Taxation of LLCs that must be noted, these facts include the regulation and guide lines that have been issued by the IRS to give direction on the system of taxation for the LLC owners. The guidelines also highlight the type of tax returns to be filed and how to file the tax returns. The following are some of the guidelines given by the IRS For single owned LLCs For the purposes of filing a federal tax return, it is a common practice by the IRS to ignore the fact that the business entity is an LLC. This step is only meant for the taxation process and the business entity is still legally recognized as an LLC. There are two categories of reporting the income and expenses. The first category is for those LLCs that are owned by individuals and the IRS expects the LLCs income and expense to be reported on the form 1040, schedule C, E or F. In situations where the only member of the LLC is a corporation then the LLCs income and expenses must be reported on the corporations return which is form 1120 or 1120S (www.irs.gov) Taxation for LLCs with multiple owners These types of LLCs usually file a partnership return which is done in the form 1065 (www.irs.gov) Employment taxes All LLCs must meet their employment tax requirements as stipulated by the IRS, it is therefore a fact that all the LLC employees are subject to withholding tax. The LLCs must also file form W-2 and form 1099 upon request. The issue of self employment is also captured by the IRS and it is a requirement that the LLCs must file the schedules C or F where the owners are subject to self employment taxes on their earnings. In situations where the LLCs file for the partnership returns then the members must pay taxes on their share of partnership earnings (www.irs.gov) There is a special rule that applies in a situation where the LLC has operating losses, and this rule also limits the amount of deductions because of the owners Limited liabilities for the LLC debts. Advantages of an LLC Tax flexibility The LLCs usually enjoy a degree or room to choose in what category to be taxed i.e. the LLCs can either choose to be taxed as a sole proprietor, corporation or even as partnerships. The owners liabilities are limited Depending on the legislation of a given country the owners usually enjoy a degree of protection against Liability for the debts of the LLC, this would depend on the laws that govern the LLC in that particular country. Reduced Administrative Work The LLCs usually enjoy a much more reduced level of paper work and also administrative works compared to the corporations meaning that they would incur less costs by reducing their administrative works. No double taxation The LLCs are normally taxed once unless they choose otherwise for example if they decide to be taxed as the(C) corporations No taxation at LLC level According to the tax category in which the LLCs are placed they are usually only taxed from the individual level, this means that the owners of the LLCS are the ones who are taxed but the LLCS are not taxed as the company. Separate entity Some laws to provide or state that the LLCs are different entities from the individuals, hence if an individual or owner is affected in any way by the law then this does not affect the company or if the company is involved in a legal suit then this does not affect the owners of the company. According to Shenkman, Weiner and Taback (2003), the other advantage of the LLCs is that the owners can usually retain the gains of the company as capital gains or even better as income that is foreign sourced meaning that the LLC is able to maintain the character of its income this only happens in cases where the LLC has chosen not to be taxed as a corporation. Easy setting up of the LLC It is quiet possible to set up the LLC in some states of America because it only requires one person to be involved (physically). Assigning of membership interests When it comes to the LLCs it is possible to assign the membership interests; the economic advantage brought about by the interests can be separated and even assigned, this gives the assignee the benefits that result from distribution. These listed advantages that are enjoyed by the owners are most appreciated and the owners are keen to work within the confines of the Law. The owners have particularly been keen on the tax flexibility of the LLCs as stipulated by most laws, thus the owners can enjoy a far much reduced burden of taxes that are levied thus they enjoy significant profit margins (www.irs.gov). The fact that most laws recognize the LLCs as separate entities it is easy for the owners not to be victimized incase of a Legal tussle between the company and any other entity. With proper and strategic utilization of the advantages the owners can be able to maximize their business potential and have a competitive advantage in the business market. The disadvantages of LLCs Lack of definite title of authority One of the major challenges facing the LLC is the fact that the LLC as a business entity lacks a definite title of the designated authority that can enter into an agreement or a contract on the behalf of the LLC for example the title used by LLC include President, Chief executive officer, partner and managing director. Threat of being treated as a disregarded entity Since the LLCs are a new a concept and the many states apparently do not really recognize the LLCs but instead view them as sole proprietorship incases where it is owned by an individual or as partnership incases where it is run by a group. This means that the LLCs lose the advantage and instead their liabilities become unlimited. The third disadvantage is that in a situation where the LLC is outside the American jurisdiction then there is a greater possibility for the LLC to be treated as a corporate therefore stripping it of the advantages it enjoys as the LLC. The fact that the LLCs structures not properly understood by many is a clear indicator that its reception is also limited among the greater public. The LLC also does not have a board of Directors. In some situations where the LLCs are just starting the members are usually required by creditors to personally guarantee the loans on the behalf of the company, this directly implies that the members or owners become directly liable for the debts incurred by the company. Difficulty in raising capital This may occur due to the fact that the general operating structure of the LLCs is not understood well by the investors; hence they are more relaxed to invest their money simply because they do not have the hopes of making profits through the Initial public offer (Mancuso, 2007). There is also a possibility of the owners of the LLC getting into trouble for not having an operating agreement; this is possible mainly due to the fact that there is no legal requiring for the members to have one. How the disadvantages affect the company Some of the above disadvantages greatly affect the company, starting by the increased inability to raise capital; when this occurs or when a company is unable to attract the required number if investors to help it raise capital the operation costs of the company become difficult to meet, secondly without the optimum amount of capital the company becomes unable to meet optimally its set out objectives and it then even becomes difficult for this particular company to even expand. The lack of a definite title authority to enter into agreement might make the potential business partners to enter into any binding business agreement for fear of losing out by either entering into an agreement with a company representative who does not have the authority to legally enter into a binding agreement, meaning the company might lose out on many business opportunities (Humphreys, 1998). The issue of jurisdiction and taxation issues might be unfair to the company and in turn hurt the company profits in the long run, this is mainly because of the fact that the US LLCs might be considered as corporate for tax purposes which should not be the case thus they will lose more revenue through the taxes levied on them. Another thing that could really hurt the company is the fact that some creditors demanding that the owners guarantee loans that have been taken for the LLC,this not only strips the owners of their right to limited liabilities but also limits the capacity or the amount of credit that can be taken for the LLC for one simple reason and that is the fact that the individuals might have a limited capacity to guarantee the loans compared to if the LLC took the loan as separate entity (Humphreys, 1998). The fact that the LLCs are not really recognized in many states and that incase of an individual the LLC is only recognized as a sole proprietorship does actually limit its extent of operations and also exposes it to liabilities that face the sole proprietorship as a business entity. Operational tax issues At the state level The operational tax issues might not have guidance at the state level simply because different states do have there different laws and guidelines event though the laws are harmonized there are those states that would differently treat the issue of operational tax. Self Employment There are two aspects to this operation tax. The first aspect is the LLCs category of filing namely C and F This mostly requires that the members file their self employment taxes on their earning. The filing of partnership returns Here there is a general requirement that the owners must pay tax from their share of partnership earnings. Passive activity This usually limits the owners or members on the amount of loss that they are able to deduct References Cody, T., Hopkins, D.A., Perlman, L.A. (2007). Guide to Limited Liability Companies. (9th ed.). Boston: CCH. Humphreys, T.A. (1998). Limited liability companies. Sydney: Law Journal Press. Mancuso, A. (2007). Form Your Own Limited Liability Company. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Nolo. Mancuso, A. (2007). Your Limited Liability Company: An Operating Manual. (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Nolo. Shenkman, M.M., Weiner, S., Taback, I. (2003). Starting a Limited Liability Company. (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. â€Å"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: Information Center.† Retrieved August 24, 2009 from http://www.irs.gov/newsroom/article/0,,id=204335,00.html?portlet=6 Wood, R.W. (2000). Limited liability companies: formation, operation, and conversion. (2nd ed.). Atlanta: Aspen Publishers Online.

A Case Study of Operational Strategies Adopted By Jyoti Remedies Essay

The global Pharmaceutical sector is worth US$300 billion and this is expected to rise to US$400 billion within three years. With 10 largest drugs companies controlling over one-third of the market, several have sales of more than US$10 billion a year and profit margins of about 30%. Of the top 10 six are based in the United States and four in Europe. It is predicted that North and South America, Europe and Japan will continue to account for a full 85% of the global pharmaceuticals market well into the 21st century. (wikipedia, 2014) In 2006, the US contributed 52 per cent of the pharmaceutical sector's growth, while the seven emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Korea, Mexico and Turkey referred to as â€Å"pharmerging† contributed 16 per cent combined. This year the pharmerging economies are expected to account for 51 per cent of the industry's growth, while the US has declined to -19 per cent. The Pharmerging Countries:- In reviewing each of the world’s emerging economies, the upcoming major players are generally classified as pharmerging countries and further they are divided in to three tier. (money control, 2014) Tier 1: China. With a GDP of more than $8 trillion, China is the world’s third-largest pharmaceutical market. Most of the growth in China come from branded generic products manufactured and marketed by established domestic companies, although demand for innovative products from multinational companies is rising in the country’s leading urban centres. Tier 2: Brazil, Russia and India. These countries are each expected to add $5-15 billion in annual pharmaceutical sales by 2014. Brazil and Russia both have achieved consistent double-digit pharmaceutical sales growth in recent years, while ... ...ogi, R. (2011). The indian pharma sutical industry: the emperical study. the emperical study, 40-48. Schuh and compay. (2013). Operational excellence in pharmaceutical indusry. 3-13. Jyoti Remedies. (2014, march 10). jyoti remedies. Retrieved from Jyothi remedies: http://www.jyotiremedies.com/html/index.html money control. (2014, March). Money Control. Retrieved from http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/top-companies-in-wor;d/net-sales-bse/pharmaceuticals.html reserch and markets. (2014, march 10). Retrieved from reserchandmarkets: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2043060/industry_insight_crams_contract_research wikipedia. (2014, march 10). wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry wikipedia. (2014, march 10). wikipedia. Retrieved from wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India

Gustafsen Lake :: essays research papers fc

Gustafsen Lake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For centuries, the natives of Canada have been suffering damages through their land and themselves. Events such as Oka, Ipperwash, Lubican, and Gustafsen trails the racism and cruelty to the aboriginals. Land being usurped over for the use of natural supplies or accommodations, being killed and jailed for protecting their rights given bygone ago. Gustafsen Lake shows these attributes when the Secwepemc (Shuswap) was being raided by more than one-hundred RCMP officers for carrying out an ancient ritual that the sun dancers have done for more than a century. Gustafsen Lake will be explained through the history and background of the native people, the history of the land, and the communication of the government for peace and resolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Secwepemc or Shuswap for the non-natives have called, means the Shuswap people. The reason for the non-natives calling them the Shuswap happened when the eastern settlers came to land on British Columbia. They could not pronounce Secwepemc so they made an easier word to call them by. This happened with most / majority of other native bands. There were 17 bands of Shuswap’s that controlled the vast area of British Columbia for 10,000 years and controlling 56,000 square miles of traditional land. The Shuswap diets through berries, meat, fish and roots and the occupation for the them back than were hunting, fishing, and trading. .Althought most of the bands were hybrids, they all share similar traditions, rituals, and language. This would all soon change when the eastern settlers came on their land and spreading smallpox in 1862, wiping out 32 tribal villages, killing more than a hundred thousand. (SCES). In the 19th century, the area has been industrialized, schools being built, and the tradition being changed with less than eight thousand Shuswap,. Later in the 19th century, they are now coming back in a positive force. Getting jobs in many enterprises and tradition coming / being taught again. Again! The non-natives took action to downgrade the Shuswap from advancing further in their destiny for a better future, causing them to go back to second hand occupations. Now that the history hits them again, they refused to be puppets and caused rallies to the government for a better life. Declarations have been signed, social development and economic development became prosperous and the Shuswap people now living a happy life again. Although this sounds like a downward spiral that goes back up again, The Shuswap people of today will be looking forward to not go down that road again.

Times Roman and D. Williamson

Case Study 1: Prioritizing Projects at D. D. Williamson Due Week 3 and worth 240 points Read the case titled: â€Å"Prioritizing Projects at D. D. Williamson† found in Chapter 2. Write a 3-5 page paper in which you: 1. Critique the prioritizing process at D. D. Williamson. 2. Suggest at least one (1) recommendation to improve the prioritizing process. 3. Create a scenario where the implemented process at D. D. Williamson would not work. 4. Project five (5) years ahead and speculate whether or not D. D. Williamson will be using the same process.Justify your answer. 5. Use at least four (4) resources in this assignment. Your assignment must: ? Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. ? Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s na me, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: ? Assess organizational strategies that contribute to effective project management of human resources. ? Use technology and information resources to research issues in managing human resource projects. ? Write clearly and concisely about managing human resource projects using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.

New Product Launch

NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH: UB GROUP – SOFT DRINK â€Å"MIST† COMPANY OVERVIEW United Breweries Limited (UBL) – has assumed undisputed market leadership with a national market share in excess of 50%. Through a process of aggressive acquisition and market penetration, The UB Group today controls 60% of the total manufacturing capacity for Beer in India. The flagship brand, Kingfisher is now sold in over 52 countries worldwide having received many accolades for its quality. MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Political Factors The political forces affect the beer industry to a large extent. The rates of the beer in various parts of the country are affected by the taxes and duties applied by the Govt. The political forces also affect the pricing of the beer by lowering the duties or deregulating the distribution channel. This leads to lower margins for the distribution channel partners. But, as 75% of the Indian market is covered by two players, there hasn’t been a reduction in the margins of the manufacturers. The taxation policies also affect the consumption patterns. Economic Factors India is home to nearly one-sixth of the global population and is one of the most attractive consumer markets in the world today. The total worth of Indian Beer Market is Rs 750 crore. This market is expected to expand by 39% by 2010. The beer consumption has been growing at a CAGR of 7% over last nine years. India provides attractive profit margins due to the consolidated nature of the industry. Various research studies have shown that a rise in the income levels has a direct positive effect on beer consumption. The National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) projects India's ‘very rich', ‘consuming' and ‘climbers' classes to grow at a CAGR of 15 per cent, 10 per cent and 2 per cent respectively. Thus, India gives ample opportunities for the UB Group to grow. Social Factors A deep-seated traditional social aversion to alcohol consumption has been a traditional feature of the Indian society. However, as urban consumers become more exposed to western lifestyles, through overseas travel and the media, their attitude towards alcohol is relaxing. Social habits are undergoing a transformation as mixed drinks are becoming more popular. The greatest evidence of this trend is the increase in beer consumption among women. More and more women are consuming beer – the penetration in metropolitan areas is almost twice as high as the penetration in other large cities – implying that the greater tolerance towards alcohol consumption in metropolitan areas facilitates the consumption of beer. With increasing urbanisation, this acceptance is only going to rise. As a consequence of the high birth rates prevalent until the 1990s, a large proportion of the Indian population is in the age group of 20-34 years. This age group is the most appropriate target for beer marketers. This population trend will give a further boost to the growth of beer consumption in India. Technological Beer industry is not technology specific. As the UB group is one of the oldest players in the market, they have achieved economies of scale. Thus, technological factor is not of great importance for the beer market. SWOT ANALYSIS PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL Threat of new Entrants – Low In India, beer industry is growing with 11% CAGR making it attractive for new players. Strong brands like Kingfisher and Hayward’s which are already established and have strong brand recall will make it tough for new entrants and they are expected to struggle to expand their consumer base as they try to penetrate the beer market in India. Foreign brewers have been eyeing the Indian market for some years now since India is widely acknowledged to be the last untapped big growth market. Several international brewers have built brand associations and are marketing their brands aggressively through various point-of- sale promotions throughout their distribution networks. But with strong players in the market any new entrant will face problems of: a) Economies of scale – For example benefit associated with bulk purchases and sales – create high barriers to the national and global markets ) Cost of entry – For example investment in technology, costs associated with sales c) Distribution channel For example ease of access for competitors d) Government Legislations -Introduction of new laws might weaken have adverse effects e) Differentiation – For example certain brands that cannot be copied f) Supplier power – Possibility of forward integration by supplier Bargaining power of suppliers â₠¬â€œ Low Due to increasing costs of raw material and decreasing cost of barley suppliers, bargaining power of suppliers was high but by doing backward integration, done by acquiring Maltex Malsters Ltd. and shifting their production of beer on malt the company has achieved a hold on its raw material and considerably reduced supplier strength and dependency. Company has also entered into collaboration with Government of Punjab and Haryana for supply of its raw material. Bargaining power of buyers – Moderate This factor measures the extent to which customers are successful in forcing prices down, or securing high quality or more service at the same price. Customers tend to be powerful when the quantities they purchase form a large portion of the seller's total sales. Buyers do have a very clear understanding about the quality and as there are very few players in the market the customer cannot influence the price in any significant way. But while this is true a decline in consumable income shifts consumer preferences away from premium brands to lower-priced brands since the switching costs is low. Due to this the bargaining power of buyer tends to increase. Threat of substitutes – Moderate India is predominantly a spirits market and beer has traditionally been a minority preference for those who consume beverage alcohol. Therefore substitutes are the biggest threat as preference for beer among alcohol beverage drinkers is less but also the low penetration in beer consumption in comparison to international levels offers the potential for substantial and sustainable growth in demand for beer in India for years to come. Rivalry amongst Competitors – Low to Moderate Rivalry is the means through which competitors fight for position by using tactics such as price, competition, advertisement battles, and new product introduction, to lower the profits of competitors in the industry. As stated above CAGR of 11% is expected for beer in the next 5 years due to which many MNCs are eyeing the Indian market. Currently the major rivals for Kingfisher Premium are Budweiser, Carlsberg, Foster and Tiger and for Kingfisher Strong it’s Hayward 2000, Hayward 5000, Palone. SABMiller who came to India by acquiring small breweries and has made its hold as best-selling strong beer brand but still Kingfisher has managed to remain the largest-selling strong beer brand with 29% market share. There are also some small local players hat are in the market but are not much of a threat to Kingfisher. STRATEGIC FIT OF MIST WITH UNITED BREWERIES GROUP The UB Group (United Breweries Group) is a multi-faceted conglomerate with business interests in Beverage Alcohol, Pharmaceuticals, Media, International Trading, Aviation, Fertilizer, Research & Development, and Infrastructure Development with a major focus on the brewery (beer) and alcoholic beverages industry most of which is market ed under the Kingfisher brand. UB Group is already planning to venture into the mineral water segment via the Kingfisher Himalayan Water Brand. Thus strategically thinking Mist will be a perfect fit in the UB Group’s expansion plans. In fact introduction of a soft drink will make UB Group present in all versions of drinks and will be a wonderful way to reach out to customers who admire the Kingfisher brand but do not consume alcoholic beverages. Launching Mist will be a form of line extension and will help it respond to customer’s needs favorably. If we see the attributes of Mist, i. e. adventure, energy, fun and the â€Å"Hat Ke† attitude; it is very much in sync with the existing brand image of UB Group. Mist being a soft drink, it is very necessary to ensure proper distribution of the product. This is where UB Group can use its core competency of having a strong distribution network and bank upon its reputation regarding the stringent quality control measures it follows. Also if we look at the soft drink market, the only direct competitor of Mist is Mountain Dew and the market for soft drinks providing the set of benefits as Mist is in a growth stage. That makes it a perfect moment to introduce a drink like Mist under the Kingfisher brand name. Considering the sync between Mist attributes and Kingfisher’s brand image, we can also use the events held by the UB Group like the Derby, Kingfisher Calendar, IPL matches , functions like the Incredible India Party held last year at Cannes and the TV channel NDTV Good Times to increase awareness about Mist. It can make use of the cricket and Bollywood stars already associated with Kingfisher brand to endorse the product and help build a strong connect with its loyal customers. Added to that serving Mist in the Kingfisher Airlines will be a reat way of making future customers try out the drink. PRODUCT INTRODUCTION Mist is a soft drink that is being launched by UB group under Kingfisher brand. It is a citrus flavoured drink and unlike other soft drinks, it is more carbonated and has high levels of caffeine. MARKETING STRATEGY SEGMENTATION Demographic Segmentation 1. AgeA consumer needs and wants change with age. Hence this segmentation is important for this product. On the bas is of age, we can divide the population into the following categories a. 6-25 years b. Teenagers c. 25 years and above 2. Gender This is an important segmentation since both genders behave and respond differently to same situations. Geographic Segmentation This segment primarily refers to the location of the segments. For our product there will be three segments. a. Urban b. Semi-Urban c. Rural PsychographicSegmentation Here different groups are identified on the basis of personality traits, lifestyle or values. The following segments can be formed: a. Excitement, Adventure seeking, Risk lovers b. Health Conscious . Rebellious d. Fashsionable and stylish For our product, we can begin with demographic segmentation. These segments would be further divided using psychographic segmentation. The product is soft drink, but we will not go in for mass marketing and rather target based on psychographic segmentation. The target would also be different from those of already existing soft drink s. TARGETING Evaluating the above segments on the parameters like Measurable, Substantial, Accessible, Differentiable and Actionable, the target segment for MIST would be: Individuals (both genders) in age range 15-29 in urban areas (this is because the promotional activities would be focused on urban areas only). †¢ Based on market research data, we decided to target people who embrace excitement, adventure and fun. Reasons for choosing this target segment are: †¢ Our market research showed us that there were primarily five different target groups in the market. There was considerable presence of other soft drinks in the other target groups. †¢ Also in urban areas there are very few individuals in the age group 15-29 years who have not heard of Kingfisher; hence this would be our target age group. This segment in India is substantial and would be profitable. †¢ Kingfisher already has large distribution networks for selling its other products in urban areas. Hence there would be little cost of adding distribution channels. †¢ It is also easier to involve people from the aforementioned age group in various promotional activities and also they are easily accessible through internet. So it would be easier reaching across to them. POSITIONING Salient Attributes  · Offer from the Kingfisher brand Higher price for perception of premium quality and difference  · Available only in stylised cans  · Invigorating effect due to higher caffeine  · Tingling taste and flavor  · Selective availability in retail outlets, pubs, clubs, discos and other socializing places Values  · Adventure Seeking  · Thrill  · Different from competition  · Aspiration for youngsters to be associated with Kingfisher brand. Competition Mountain Dew As compared to Mountain Dew, we will po sition MIST as an exclusive brand and it will only be available through selective outlets. We are going for value-based offering that is premium in nature due to higher quality and reflects the values of aspiration for Kingfisher. Coke and Pepsi Both Coke and Pepsi are brands that differentiate themselves on the basis on the endorsements eg. Pepsi targets the youth market through endorsements from young celebrities. Price is not a discriminating factor between these two. We shall charge a higher price as compared to Coke and Pepsi and put forth quality as a prime concern while manufacturing MIST. This should help us differentiating from Coke and Pepsi since they have had troubles in the past regarding their quality. Media Influence  · Extensive promotion schemes across different media (using teasers, events and web portals)  · Advertisement frequency  · Brand endorsement Based on the above factors, our positioning of Mist vis-a-vis its main competitor (Mountain Dew) and other similar lime and lemon flavoured drinks (Coca cola was also included as a reference) has been quantitatively depicted in the cobweb diagram below. Some of the attributes are – 1. Ingredients – Mist is an augmented product over other citrus flavoured drinks, being packed with higher carbonation and caffeine. So, we rated this attribute above the other drinks. 2. Awareness – As Mist is a new product to be launched, we cannot gauge its awareness. However, we intend to bring it to the desired level based on our extensive promotional campaign which will be explained in the Marketing Mix. As of now, awareness is being measured based on the current awareness level for Kingfisher. 3. Availability – Unlike the extensive mass distribution and availability of the other drinks, we intend to have a selective distribution for Mist. 4. Refrigeration – This is based on the amount of refrigeration required and the level of service given by the companies by providing refrigerators. As Mist is selectively available, we intend to provide refrigeration facilities at all points of sale. This refrigerators will be small and exclusively for Mist. It will have eye-popping displays labelled with the title Mist and will be painted in its colours. MARKETING MIX | | |PRODUCT | | | | | | | |Functional |Great taste | | | | | | |Ity |Quench Thirst | | | | | | | | | | |Features |†¢ Invigorating effect due to higher caffeine | | | | | | | |†¢ Tingling taste and flavor | | | | | | |Appearanc |Available in Stylised cans | | | | | | |E | | | | | | | PRICING Competitor based pricing The price of a can of Mountain Dew and other soft drinks is Rs. 20. We may c hoose to price it higher than this since we are not going in for mass marketing but rather selecting a specific target segment. Cost Based pricing Cost Based pricing is integral to establish the lowest point of a new product's price range. By accurately analyzing cost per unit and taking into account a margin that corresponds to the lowest satisfactory return on investment, companies can define a new product's floor price. If the market cannot support this price, then the company must reconsider if the product is feasible. If we take the major cost components as manufacturing, advertising and distribution we can come to a rough estimate of the variable cost of Mist. This will not include the costs associated with machinery installation, R & D of the product and other associated capital expenses. This shall be collected through contribution per can. Using estimates for the major variable cost components we take: i. Advertising Cost per can – Rs. 8 – 10 ii. Manufacturing Cost per can – Rs. 4-5 iii. Administrative Costs and other overheads per can – Rs. 2-3 iv. Distribution Costs – estimated to be Rs. 1 per level Therefore the total cost of producing one can comes out approximately to be Rs. 17-19. Value Based Pricing While some benefits have values that can be readily quantified, others such as brand reputation and premium are more difficult to measure and must be probed using market research. Since we are positioning Mist as a premium brand it should be priced higher than its direct competitor (in this case Mountain Dew) in order for the target group to it as a premium brand. Since a can of a cola costs Rs. 0 then we will price it at Rs. 24 (we are trying simultaneously to take advantage of bundles of five pricing and have the customers perceive it as a premium brand). As shown by the market research, customers are willing to pay more for a product like Mist. Moreover, considering the aspiration value of the produc t and the parent company, we have decided to follow value based pricing. PROMOTION According to the positioning of the Mist, a promotional campaign will be designed to create awareness and pull in the market. AIDA model will be followed for the promotional campaign. The steps taken in each stage will make consumers to â€Å"Think, feel and do†.