Bilingualism

Bilingualism Colin Baker's definition of bilingualism is complex and is in many forms according to his book, "Term bilingualism" is typically used to describe the two languages of an individual when the focus changes to two languages in society the term often used Diglossia. In practice a language community is unlikely to use both languages for the same purpose.A language community is more likely to use one language in certain situation and for certain functions the other language in different circumstances and for different functions. For example a language community may use a minority language in the home, for religious purpose and in social activity but use the majority language at work in education and then experiencing the mass media.In order understand current development in second language learning I will brief discuss on how the second language learning was believed to be have learnt during the 1950s 1960s and the 1980s.2nd-language-learningFirstly in the early 1950s and early 1960s, theo rising about the second language was very was attachment to practice business language teaching. the idea that language teaching methods had to be justified in terms of an underlying learning theory was well established since the pedagogic reform movements of the late nineteenth century according to Howatt 1988. According to Hawatt he Sums the progressive 1950s language pedagogy drew on a version of strurctrculim development by Freis and his Michigan colleagues in the 1940s. Howatt summarise this approach as followers,The conviction that language system consists of a finite set of 'patterns' or 'structures' which acted as models... for the production of an infinite number of similarly constructed sentences.The belief that repetition and practice resulted in the formation of accurate and fluent foreign language habits.A methodology which set out to teach 'the basic' before encouraging learners to communicate...

Peace in International Relations

Peace in International Relations Introduction According to Marsden (2003), peace can be defined as the as a state of public tranquility or freedom from war. This means that for peace to prevail in a given public setup there has to be calmness initiated by the members of the society or community referred to as peacemakers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Impacts of International relations theories on peacemaking and post-conflict recovery In international relations, peace can be explained in three different theories which are: Realism Liberalism Constructivism Mac Ginty (2003) asserts that the realism theory concentrates on the struggle for power amongst different states and portrays the hardships in doing away with conflicts or wars. It majors on giving reasons for war or imperialism as it focuses on competition for power or property amongst different states as it upholds the charac teristics of American soviet rivalry. Liberalism, on the other hand, advocates for a solution to peace. It is through liberalism that there would be economic interdependence amongst different states hence there would be no threats on states’ prosperity. Liberalism is also concerned with the democracy of a particular state (Hudson, 2005). Democratic countries are said to promote peace by carrying out more peacemaking activities unlike authoritarian states (Marsden, 2003). In addition, Liberalism is said to bring unity among different states as it promotes the interdependence of international resources amongst different states. For instance, the International Monetary Fund offers financial aid to different countries or states. The constructivist theory on the other hand advocates for useful changes in states. For example, a change in the Marxist agenda and the setting idea of capitalism in the current world has caused improvement peacemaking initiatives. These three theories ha ve a great impact in the peace making process described below as they set up the pace for peace making. Thomas and Tow (2002) assert, â€Å"They give advice as evident in the peace keeping techniques on how to approach conflicts and resolve them eventually through the most appropriate means†.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Historical context on how to end war It is due to the efforts made by peace keeping organizations that brought the end of the cold war in 1989. This was brought about by the shifting priorities of individuals in different states. In my own opinion, considering the fact that war brought about losses and lack of time to perform constructive obligations, it is always a good idea to neglect the competition for property or power amongst states but encourage interdependence amongst them. Langlois (2012) argues that war in most cases leads t o destruction of what people are fighting for hence no benefit to any of the war parties. Peace operations to end war or conflict It is usually a good idea to come up with peace operations which are likely to contribute positively in peace keeping or peace building. For example, â€Å"Mission creep† was initiated in Somalia and Rwanda as a measure to calm war. Hudson (2005) asserts that in 2000, there was also a report on the panel on the United Nations peace operations that was meant to promote peace between countries. Individual responsibility Abass (2010) takes the stand that it is significant to note the shift of peace promotion from state hands to the hands of the individual. Individuals are said to be the prime objects of establishing peace between different regions. The behavior of human beings determine so much on state tranquility hence peace starts from individual level to state’s level (Mac Ginty, 2003). This is according to International Commission on Inter vention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report tabled in 2001 that calls upon individuals to exercise peace at individual level. Human security Human security is one of the most fundamental reasons for peace initiatives in a state. It is important to note that human security is held as being vital than the sovereignty of the state. This is mainly because human beings make up the state and without them the state cannot exist (Burke, 2012). Therefore, it is significant to exercise human security as a measure to achieve peace in a state. This can be achieved by individuals employing liberalism in their peace making techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human intervention to end war Dobbins (2005) suggests that in order to avoid conflicts or wars, human intervention should be employed and avoid military action unless war is the last resort to solve th e conflict. Chapter VII of the UN Charter permits use of military force by the international community if peaceful measures prove inadequate though they still must be mandated by UNSC. Though there are many critics to this opinion, it still remains to be the most conscious decision by many governments. Peace concepts In the concepts of maintaining peace, the issue of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) is meant to provide security that boosts peace in an area. SSR (Security Sector Reform) is also involved in creating the right structure for peace keeping in the society. Bellamy et al (2008) argue that the government also takes up the obligation of maintaining peace to its people. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to assert that peacemaking is a vital role in the society that should be promoted from individual to the state’s level for the economic, social and religious benefits of the people. The theories of communication also add up to importance of pe acemaking as they set a pace for peace building. References Abass, A 2010, Protecting human security in Africa, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bellamy, AJ et al. 2011, The responsibility to protect and international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston. Burke, A 2012, An Introduction to International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dobbins, J 2005, The UNs role in nation-building: from the Congo to Iraq, RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hudson, H 2005, Doing’ Security as Though Humans Matter’, Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 155-174. Langlois, A 2012, ‘Human Rights’, in R Devetak, A Burke and J George (eds), An Introduction to International Relations, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.440-459. Mac Ginty, R, 2003, The Pre-War Reconstruction of Post-War Iraq, Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 601-617. Marsden, P 2003, ‘Afghanistan: the reconstruction process’, International Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 92–104. Thomas, N Tow, WT 2002, The utility of human security: sovereignty and humanitarian intervention, Security Dialogue, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.177-192.

Culture in the Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Culture in the Project Management - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that cultural artifact has a close correspondence while speaking about the culture Artifact simply indicates the things that are produced by spending the human labor and his or her artistic knowledge giving a sign of creativity in it. Actually, a cultural artifact is a human-made object, which represents the ideas and values of a particular culture. More categorically speaking, "Starting with the broadest category, we may say that cultural artifact include everything that is judged worth preserving because of its meaning. This doesn't include everything in the world, but anything in the world, concrete or abstract, could potentially become a cultural artifact". This may change due to the variation of the cultural ingredients. The concept of cultural artifact may also vary in the particular context of a given culture. Comic books are also essentially included as the cultural artifact as considering the definition or concep t of the cultural artifact has been defined. It is considered as the unique literary. Comics industry has a longstanding reputation throughout the world. Even this has been expanded in the territory of Asia, with particular attention to Philippine and China. In reference to the comics industry in the Philippine, it is opined that "In 1978, it was hypothesized that since about 2 million commercially produced komlks -magasins bearing 44 different titles and appeared were either sold or released in the blanket, it was assumed, albeit conservatively, that if only six people read each copy, then komlks-magasins should easily have a readership of no less than 12 million". The growth of comics industry in Ireland has a documented glorious history. The rate of selling in the comics industry is radically increasing for it has the immense popularity among the people of Ireland. In Ireland, people are most prone to the comics literature as "the average Irish person prefer allocating new fundin g, theatre, opera and dancing which would be dwarfed by levels of interest in video games, films, and comics". Hence, Ireland has been turned into a fertile ground for the comics industry. Comics industry developed in Ireland is of special significance in regard to the issues of developing comic industry as the potential industry in the coming days. "Prior to 1960, for the outside observer, comic book circulation figures were hard to come by". In tracing out the historical context of the comics industry, it is necessary to mention that the comics books or comics industry for the first time appeared on the market during 1934. Relevantly, at the same time detective comics appeared in the year of 1937. One of the most important and significant comics' literature in its history is the Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1942. After the taking place of the world war second, the selling of comics' books increased at much higher. In the post-war period, the Walt Disney Comics and Stories g ot its highest position in the field of the comics industry as it was treated as the best selling comics books.

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational Essay

What are the causes of organisational change and is organisational change necessarily good - Essay Example In addition, organization has to make adjustments because of changes that are happening. It is pointed out above that technological change has prompted individuals, firms and other users to adapt it. Discussion in the next paragraphs relates to causes of organizational changes and causes of success and failure of organizational change. Thereafter, the significant of organizational changes is also reviewed. Halkos and Bousinakis (2012) acknowledge that the change of organization is necessary for them to move closer to larger markets. Change is also important for organization to meet the demands of internal and external business surroundings. Effective change can make a company more competitive and expand its market share. According to the authors, organisational change is necessity brought forward by management so as to attain the requirements of a larger social-economic environment, with the use of organizational structures, behaviours and process targeting growth and advancement of the company. Modern organization have to embrace changes as pointed earlier above, technology has prompted many organisations to change. Adaptation and employment of new technologies is significant for any organisation that has to apply new materials, products, methods and processes. Additionally, the workers of the firm have to adapt to changes and update their skills every day. Furthermore, mergers, acquisition, globalization can make the organization to change. There are other factors such as social and political factors; these factors can make organisation change its processes. Some people have doubts regarding organisational change, however, Burnes and Jackson (2011) point out that the change is important in the current world. Adaptation to changes according to the authors makes an organisation survive for a longer time. Organisational change is vital it is quite difficult to achieve. This is because some

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Piaget Theory of Children Cognitive Development Essay Much of the research since the late 1950s on the development of role taking and moral judgments has its roots in the research conducted by Piaget in the 1920s. One thrust of Piagets theorizing in his earliest writings dealt with the proposition that children progress from an egocentric to a perspectivistic state. He proposed that children younger than 6 or 7 years of age do not clearly differentiate between self and others or between thoughts (the psychological) and external events. A consequence of the failure to differentiate the self from others is that the child is unable to take the perspective of another person. For instance, in communicating with others the child is unable to take into account the requirements of the listener. A consequence of the failure to differentiate thoughts from external events is that the child attributes an objective reality to internal mental events such as dreams. A major developmental transition was posited to occur when the child shifts from an egocentric state to one in which the self is differentiated from others and there is the ability to take anothers perspective. (Angela M. ODonnell, Alison King, 1999) However, the most extensive research in a social domain undertaken by Piaget during this early period dealt with childrens moral judgments. Those were also the only studies on moral development to be done by Piaget. Three specific aspects of Piagets moral development theory had a substantial influence on later research. One was the characterization of moral development as a process of differentiating moral from nonmoral judgments. The second was the proposed interrelations between general cognitive orientations and moral judgments. And the third was the proposed relations between changes in perspective-taking abilities and changes in moral judgments. (Jacques Montangero, Danielle Maurice-Naville, Angela Cornu-Wells, 1997). Piaget proposed that children progress through two moral judgment levels (following an early premoral phase), the first being labeled heteronomous (generally corresponding to ages 3 to 8 years) and the second labeled autonomous. In the heteronomous level, the child has unilateral respect for adults (regarded as authority) and morality is, therefore, based on conformity. The right or good is seen by the child as adherence to externally determined and fixed rules and commands. The young childs morality of conformity and unilateral respect becomes transformed into a morality of cooperation and mutual respect. The basis for the autonomous level is the emergence of concepts of reciprocity and equality. At this level, rules are viewed as products of mutual agreement, serving the aims of cooperation, and thus are regarded as changeable. (Gwen Bredendieck Fischer, 1999). In formulating the levels of heteronomy and autonomy, Piaget studied childrens judgments about several specific issues, including rules, punishment, intentionality, lying, stealing, and distributive justice. A brief description of the levels can be provided by considering some of the studies of childrens thinking about rules and about intentionality in situations involving property damage, deceit, and theft. The definitions of the moral levels were derived, in part, from the way Piaget had framed childrens general cognitive capacities. Two presumed characteristics regarding the increasing differentiations that occur with development were relevant. One proposed characteristic was the childs egocentricism, the failure to clearly distinguish the selfs perspective from that of others. A second relevant feature was the young childs failure to differentiate the physical world from social and mental phenomena; young children confuse the subjective and objective aspects of their experience. (Richard I. Evans, Eleanor Duckworth, 1973) According to Piaget, one concrete manifestation of young childrens inability to differentiate perspectives and to differentiate the physical from the social is their attitudes toward social rules. It was proposed that children at the heteronomous level view all social rules as absolute. The inability to take the perspective of others leads the child to assume that everyone adheres to the same rules. There is a failure to comprehend the possibility that rules may be relative to the social context or to an individuals perspective. In turn, there is an inability to clearly distinguish physical from social phenomena that leads to a confusion of social regularities with physical regularities, such that social rules are seen as fixed in much the same way as are physical regularities. For instance, Piaget maintained that children regard rules of games as unchangeable; they believe it would be wrong to modify the rules of a game even if they were changed by general consensus. (Harry Morgan, 1997) Another manifestation of the young childs cognitive confusions is that judgments of right and wrong are based on the material consequences of actions, rather than the actors intentions or motives. Piaget examined the relative importance that children attribute to intentions and consequences in situations involving material damage, lying, and stealing. Younger children, it was found, attribute greater importance, in judging culpability, to amount of damage (e. g. , breaking the 15 cups accidentally is worse than breaking one cup intentionally), whereas older children attribute more importance to the intentions of the actor. Similarly, younger children assess the wrongness of lying or stealing, not by the motives of the actor, but by their quantitative deviation from the truth or the amount stolen. In judgments about theft, for instance, children judging by consequences would say that stealing a larger amount to give to a very poor friend is worse than stealing a lesser amount for oneself. (R. Clarke Fowler, 1998). In contrast with the heteronomous level, at the autonomous level respect is no longer unilateral, rules are not viewed as absolute or fixed, and judgments are based on intentions. Piaget proposed that these changes are stimulated by the increasing interactions with peers (such as in school) and the decreasing orientation to relations with adult authority that usually occurs during late childhood. Relations with authorities (parents, teachers, etc. ), he maintained, are likely to lead to conformity and an attitude of unilateral respect on the part of the young child. That is, the child feels that the authorities are superior and that their dictates are right by virtue of their superior status. In order for the shift from a heteronomous to an autonomous orientation to occur the child must more clearly differentiate the self from others and, thereby, be able to take the perspective of others. Relations with adult authorities who impose external rules upon the child are likely to reinforce a heteronomous orientation, whereas relations with peers are more likely to stimulate attempts to take the perspectives of others. Therefore, through increasing interactions with those he or she can relate to on an equal footing, the child is stimulated to view his or her own perspective as one among many different perspectives. In the process, mutual respect replaces unilateral respect for authority and the bases of a sense of justice reciprocity, equality, and cooperation emerge. Rules are then regarded as social constructions, based on agreement, that serve functions shared by the participants of social interactions. The increasing awareness of others perspectives and subjective intentions leads to judgments that are based on intentionality rather than consequences. (John H. Flavell, 1963) In addition to the connections to general cognitive capacities, Piagets characterization of moral judgments was a global one in that development was defined as entailing a progressive differentiation of principles of justice (ought) from the habitual, customary, and conventional (is). In essence, the claim was that concepts of justice do not emerge until the autonomous stage. Thus, the heteronomous morality of constraint and unilateral respect is a morality of custom, convention and tradition, while autonomous morality of mutual respect and cooperation prevails over custom and convention. Prior to the development of concepts of justice, therefore, the child must progress through the simpler, conformity-based conventional orientation. In sum, Piaget proposed a model of development as the differentiation of domains of knowledge. Only at more advanced stages are moral judgments and knowledge of the social order (or even morality and physical law) distinguished. It is precisely on this basis that Piaget thought it was methodologically valid to examine childrens concepts of rules of marble games as a means to understanding their moral reasoning. (Christopher M. Kribs-Zaleta, DLynn Badshaw, 2003) Piagets professional career has been devoted to exploring the possibilities of a psychological theory of relativity. In this approach neither the subject, who knows, nor the object, which is known, have absolute status. Each is conditioned on the other within a continually changing framework. Change occurs through interchanges of actions and reactions. Actions of the subject are like probes equivalent to statements by which the subject says: I think you, the object, are such and such. When acted upon, objects act back, revealing who and what they are. Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Sharon J. Derry, 1998) Piagets contribution to the study of knowledge has been to escape the philosophic traps of subjectivity and objectivity. The former makes knowledge a self satisfying concoction where, for the sake of consistency, the subject creates concepts of objects and reality. This position tends toward error through failure to come to grips with the facts of reality. It puts the subject in control of deciding what reality is and, in the extreme, allows distortion for the sake of maintaining the subjects version of how things ought to be. Objectivity errs at the other end and, in its extreme, denies self-initiated definition, making the subject only a valid recorder of reality. Distortion can occur either through exposure to odd circumstances or through breakdowns in the subjects recording devices. The position of relativity seeks solution to both problems. Its clearest expression is found when both subject and object are given defining powers in their interactions. There is double agency, with the object telling what it is just as forcibly as the subject reveals itself through its actions. (Hans G. Furth, 1987) With interactions as the basic reality, the context of knowledge is dynamic. It is also the means to knowledge insofar as subject and object are able to extract orderly relations from their interactions. These relations among actions and reactions color definitions of both agents. They are the medium for knowing and provide the terms by which subject and object attain their forms. This is why, for example, Piaget argues that space, number, and the like, remain open to redefinition throughout development. Numbers are not things to be grasped but are products from relations abstracted from subject-object interactions. True relations become expressed through numbering operations, which coordinate actions of the subject as well as reactions of objects. It appears that Piagets approach is unique among contemporary psychological theories by its treatment of relations as the topic of knowledge. Relations are primary, with subject and object being their products. For other theorists, these terms are reversed; subject and object are posited and relations come secondarily. In Piagets scheme, neither subject nor object ever gets to know one another with certainty. Together they can work only toward relations that are reliable. Validity is always a relative matter, depending on current relations, which remain open to further redefinition. (Arthur J. Baroody, Alexis Benson, 2001) This point no doubt has stymied most attempts to bring Piagets work into the mainstream of psychological theories. It is like the essential key without which notes may sound similar but actually render a different song. The stumbling block is evident, for example, in the many ways phenomena originally generated by Piagets position have undergone alteration when considered from the view of more familiar theories. Conservation provides the most telling illustration. Few, if any, of these alternative explanations deal with or care to deal with the phenomenon as a conservation of a subject-object relation. The more common explanation states that number or amount is conceived as constant through physical changes in the object. Within Piagets framework, the physical changes are said to remain constant; they are understood as but two versions of a single relation. The relation is between number- or amount-making actions, with their products made ostensible in the reactions of cubes, chips, or clay. Leslie Smith, Julie Dockrell, Peter Tomlinson, 1997) There is a tendency among contemporary theorists to credit Piaget with having shown that children are cognitively active and control rather than being controlled by external objects or other persons. This emphasis has clouded the fact that objects and persons are not benign, simply waiting for children to transform them into this or that conception. In order to put relations in clear relief, it is helpful to give these things their proper due in knowledge. It helps even to anthropomorphize their role. Objects are as active as children. They move, change shape, enlarge in size, fall off tables, roll, and otherwise respond when they are contacted. Each reaction is reciprocal to something children do. In the case of conservation, to use an example often cited by Piaget, the child who plays with pebbles in his or her back yard may come to understand number making operations because the stones react as they do to his or her manipulations. That which remains constant in making a row, then a circle, then a tower, and next two columns is only the relation among these actions from the child and the several reactions of the pebbles. (Leonora M. Cohen, Younghee M. Kim, 1999). It is now possible to outline the meaning of relations in the social domain where knowledge is based on interactions between the child and other persons. The following sketch highlights the general points of the theory. (a) Children enter the world as actors, seeking order and regularity. This search describes their inherent motivation for knowledge. b) Children look for order first in their own actions by attempting to find that which is repeatable and reliable in execution of actions. (c) Insofar as actions make contact with other things, or persons, effects of actions are not solely under the control of the child. These things react in reciprocity to the actions exerted upon them and together the action and reaction produce effects that differ from those that would result from either alone. (d) This fact of double agency naturally widens childrens focus from action to interaction. Because other agents act in reciprocity to childrens actions, children are forced to seek explanations for change and order in the interplay between actors. The foregoing points can be summarized as follows. Suppose the child intends that an action have a particular outcome or effect. The child then executes the act in accordance with this intention. Suppose also that the act engages another person who adds to the original act with a reaction. The coupling of these actions may have an effect that is different from the childs intention or anticipation in performing the original act. It would be futile to seek order either in the childs or the other persons parts, alone. This is why for Piaget, the child is led to seek a solution in the coupling and arrives at the conclusion that the actions of persons are reciprocally related. This is also why Piaget contends that naive egocentrism ends most probably during the childs first year. To maintain an egocentric posture, a child would have to deny the facts of reciprocity made evident through the thousands of interactions experienced in everyday dealings with other persons. Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2001) (e) Thereafter, the childs search for order turns to identifying the forms of reciprocal relations that occur in interpersonal interactions. (f) Piaget suggests that there are two such forms. One is a direct and symmetrical reciprocity where ones action is free to match or counter the others action. The second is a reciprocity of complement where ones action must conform to the dictates set down by the others action. g) These two forms describe the basic relations in which people order themselves as actors with respect to other persons, who are also actors. They provide the epistemic unit from which self and other achieve definition. (h) For Piaget, development proceeds as these relations are structured and restructured. They give rise to social and moral conceptions that pertain to the self, other persons, possible relations among persons, and principles of societal functioning, both practical as well as ideal. (Gavin Nobes, Chris Pawson, 2003)

Explication of Ogichidag by Jim Northrup Essay -- Explication Essays P

Ogichidag I was born in war, WW Two. Listened as the old men told stories of getting gassed in the trenches, WW One. Saw my uncles come back from Guadalcanal, North Africa and the battle of the Bulge. Memorized war stories my cousins told of Korea. Felt the fear in their voices. Finally it was my turn, my brothers too. Joined the marines in the time for the Cuban Missile Crisis Heard the crack of rifles in the rice paddies south of Da Nang. Watched my friends die there then tasted the bitterness of the only war America ever lost My son is now a warrior. Will I listen to his war stories or cry to his open grave. This is the poem that Jim Northrup wrote about war. I am going to Explicate the poem and examine the message that he is trying to express and th...

Query optimization

The solution will bring down the use of specialized hardware thus helping reduce cost and making implementation faster and easier. We shall use a pattern matching algorithm to compare the drivers' driving style to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of various parameters such as speed of the vehicle, radius of turns etc. If the patterns are matched then an alert will be generated in the form of a message, alarm or call. Keywords – Mobile Phones, Sensors, Driving Pattern, Android l. INTRODUCTION It goes without saying; a majority of accidents which occur are due to rash driving.Crashes caused by lack of alertness in vehicle drivers pose a serious danger to people. This is hazardous not only to drivers themselves but also often to the general public. According to the report of U. S. National Highway Traffic Safety Shish Chuddar et. Al. Administration (NATHAN), more than a million people have died in traffic crashes in the United S tates since 1966. Also the main reason for the occurrence of these disasters was reckless driving. Till date, the detection of rash driving has been based on visual observations by patrol officers.But detection through visual observations does not possess satisfactory results. So it is essential to develop systems that actively keep track of driver's operating situations and generate alert on any insecure conditions to prevent accident. It is preferable that the actively monitoring system is real-time monitoring system with quick response, reliable with accurate performance, intrusive and has low cost. Mobile phone being a self-sufficient device, presents a mature hardware and software environment for the development of active rash driving monitoring system.The system based on mobile phone can function effectively on its own because mobile phones are highly portable; all necessary components are already integrated therein, and their communication services have vast coverage. The min imum requirement for such a mobile phone platform is the presence of simple sensors, e. G. , accelerometer and orientation sensor. Now- 2131 wry. I]cams. Org a-days, many phones, especially smart phones, meet this requirement In this paper, we emphasize on using mobile phones as the platform for rash driving detection system development, as they provide the combination for detection and communication functions.We shall build a yester that compares the driving style of the driver to predefined patterns depicting rash driving. These patterns will be based on a number of parameters like speed of vehicle, lane position maintenance and radius of turn. Driving patterns will be matched at real time. If the pattern matches the pre-stored pattern obtained in rash driving cases, immediately an alert would be generated and a message would be send to a concerned person. The performance of our system is evaluated by conducting real driving tests.During these tests, we drive regularly or imitate the rash driving related behaviors. We also vary the position and orientation of mobile phones in the vehicle for the purpose of validation. The results show that our detection system achieves good performance in terms of false negative and false positive. In particular, this paper is organized as follows: Section II represents the methodology involved in Rash Driving Detection which includes Mobile Orientation, Pattern Generation and Matching and Alert Generation.Section Ill represents the Mathematical Model that describes the input, output functionalities along with the success and failure cases. Section IV represents the System Design here we have mentioned about the nature of algorithm to be used for pattern matching. Section V represents the Energy Efficiency of the system. Section VI contains the implementation details of our system. Section VII concludes this paper. RASH DRIVING DETECTION A. Mobile Orientation The acceleration readings are provided by accelerometers in direct ions of x, y, and z axis, correspondingly represented by Ax; Ay and Az.Acceleration readings in direction of x-, y-, and z-axis are with regard to the body of the mobile phone. A mobile phone's orientation can be determined by orientation angles, I. E. Pitch and roll values. Pitch and roll represent the rotation around y-axis and z-axis. In the simplest case, we assume that the mobile phone is laid flat in the vehicle, with the top of phone toward the head of vehicle, so that the accelerations on x-axis and y-axis represent the lateral and longitudinal accelerations of vehicle, respectively.However, the real situations are more complex. The mobile phone may be laid in the vehicle arbitrarily, neither flat nor heading toward the head of the vehicle. Therefore, we set a calibration procedure to help the system determine what direction is longitudinal. 2132 B. Pattern Generation and Matching The calibration procedure begins to work when the system detects the vehicle starts to move. It s starting movement gives the mobile phone a continuously initial longitudinal acceleration, either forward (to get off directly) or backward (to back off the vehicle first).We denote this acceleration as vector AAA. It is much different from that in human movement. Next, we denote the angle between vector Ax and AAA as the angle between vector Ayah and AAA. These two angles are calculated as: driver's side and a message is sent to a person whose contact details are taken into he system initially at the time of installation of the application. The message would contain a link providing the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of the current position of the driver. The exact location is determined through GAPS.Thus, if the message is successfully delivered, an alert notification would be generated at the driver site and the driver will be rescued with the immediate effect. MATHEMATICAL MODEL S= {Ax, Ay, AZ, eye , ex, If,C, Altar, Alone, An, Ink, save, sham, Dry, AAA, LLC , SEC, U P,IF, FAA, Deed, Then the lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration are calculated using the formula: We have stored the test cases of rash driving data in a file. At run time, we will be matching the above obtained values with the pre-stored data using an efficient pattern matching algorithm.Let S be the system that describes â€Å"Mobile based monitoring of driving patterns. † Let A is the set of x, y and z components of acceleration. Let O is the set of pitch and roll values obtained from orientation sensor. Inputs: {Ax, Ay,Az 0= { eye , Oz} Let C is the set of lateral and longitudinal components of acceleration. Output: C = {Altar, Alone } Function: Sec: (A, 0) -+ C Where F is a non-injective function C. Alert Generation Once the pattern is successfully matched, an alarm is generated at the 2133 Let V is the set representing the average speed reached during driving and the maximum speed of the vehicle.

Pulchara Negotiation

IntroductionThis is paper seeks to analyze and discuss the results of a simulated negotiation between two nations which are Pulchara and Veritas. This researcher represented Pulchara as Deputy Foreign Minister of Economic Affairs to negotiate with the Diego, as the First Secretary for International Legal Affairs from Veritas on issues of compensation caused by damaged to Pulcharas’ farmers crops caused by a chemical pesticide DS-30 leakage from a chemical plant in Veritas that had adversely affected large tracts of Pulchran farmland.After the negotiation, there is a good ground to now have analysis whether there is basis to sustain of the application of tools that this researcher has learned in class to a deeper understanding of the negotiation. The analysis therefore basically as ask reason for the working of negotiation tactics employed in the case and wells as the finding the reasons for the partner having been able to set the frame more effectively than me.Using evidence o f what really happened in the negotiation as well valid references; this paper will try to revisit what happened in the preparatory phrase including the sort of preparation and what strategy did developed.   Included also are the applications of the concept of BATNA, target point, resistance point, position, interest and positions, anchors   during   entry phrase. In addition, discussion extend to framing preferred and applied by the parties, shaping the end game after the first agreements and whether special topics on culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues did play in the negotiation.  Ã‚   A conclusion on the analysis made will form to end the paper.The preparatory phaseAt the preparatory phase, I needed to know what I wanted to have for my country and that is to compensated by Veritas within an amount I believed that is fair enough within a certain predetermined range of figures.   As the representative of Pulchra I approached this n egotiation with a Calculus-based trust. I depended on a history of cordial relationship with the Veritas and hoped they will reciprocate. I felt as if I did not have a great BATNA, because winning the election was main concern, and it can only happen if Diego of Veritas spills out the money. I went in with my Resistance Point at 50 million and Optimal point at 100 million.I found my negotiation with Diego very peaceful and respectful. I ran into a trouble when I could not explain why we cannot export the damage crops in a time of emergency. I have explained to him that the crops were destroyed by the farmers according to our legislation. He argued that they could have been exported to other part of the parts of the world, and our policy states no import over 4ppm.Diego stated that he can only compensate for the 300,000 mt because it went over 12ppm. I could not get him to come to 800,000mt. I became a little forceful and expressed signs of disrespect when he offered 300,000mt for 12 5/mt which comes at 37.5 million. Showing signs of a salesman, he offered 500000mt for 125/mt expressing that the farmers are interested in their inflated price of 125/mt, and agreeing to this agreement will make all of us happy. He explained deal comes out at 62.5 million and knowing that congress will reimburse them will 50 million which will come out as 112.5 million, this being over their original demand of 100 million.   I guess Diego knew that I do not have a good BATNA and that he knew that what is important to me is that I got the farmers compensatedThe use of BATNAMy BATNA (Spangler, 2003) was to walk out of the negotiation is to bring the complaint of the farmers to the international courts and have Veritas pay the higher or actual amount if the Diego will not agree within my Resistance Point at 50 million and Optimal point at 100 million USD. Veritas’ BATNA was clear as Diego was able to parlay on the table ways to expand the pie when he has sensed that I was los ing respect when he started his offer to paying 300 mt at about 37.5 million USD.   Veritas’ side was able to anchor on his belief that my government would be ready enough to give 50 million USD from the act of legislature.The use of framingAs to the use of framing by either side it may be stated that the other side’s preferred frame is the further expanding the pie as Diego saw my limited options. With his knowledge that I am interested to have that $100M   as compensation of the damage for $800M, he as was brave to say that I could get the part of the amount the from my government. I know that knowing the interest behind my position (Fisher and Ury, 1981) taken is more important in negotiation.This I came to know after I have revealed the experience of a country who found it difficult to pay after they found the effort was not made to have the commitment of the responsible country to have at least promised some compensation.   I realized telling Diego a part of my BATNA world worse than it should have been. This happened because Diego perceived that my BATNA is worse than I thought. He used power in the conflicts (Coleman, 2000).Between the two of the negotiator I feel Diego was more persuasive since he seemed to have prepared more for the negotiation up to what level I would be anchoring the negotiation. He seemed to know my asking price. Since his country is basically admitting responsibility he was in a sense to be finding the best criteria to base this country’s liability.   I found that I basically told him what is my interest and he seemed to have read it easily and thus the negotiation was not as difficult as I had expected.The main negotiationAs to the main negotiation, it may be asked: What tactics were used by both sides? Was it more collaborative or competitive (or did it switch over the course of the negotiation, and how)? Why were these tactics effective or not?In response to the questions, I guess both of us applied the collaborative approach (Weber, and Khandemian, 1997; Meiners and Miller, 2004) as I started with the negotiation by approaching this negotiation with a Calculus-based trust. Having depended on a history of cordial relationship with the Veritas and with my big hope that they will reciprocate, I actually set the stage for a very collaborative instead of competitive one.This researcher believes that the tactics employed were effective enough because we chose to expand the pie instead of taking a hard-line position in the negotiation. I was looking forward to the election of the President of my country and who continued stay will also keep my long-term in office as government official and a representative of my country on issues of international dealings like the negotiations I had.As to endgame stage of the negotiation, the following questions   may be asked:   Once we had some agreement on the main points, or a `first agreement`, how did the remaining points shape up, and wha t brought us the negotiators to the final deal? Did we try any `nibbles` or other tactics in this phase? How well did they work?What has kept the negotiation proceeding well, I believe, is based on our giving much importance to our relationships is friends and this has led the negotiation proceeding almost very smoothly. With Diego understanding the destruction of the farmers would be important to my country and his country’s readiness to respond to the need by ad admission of the result of the damage, the issue was more the amount of the compensation.We conducted the negotiation in a relatively peaceful and friendly environment where we feel we could just make thing free flowing.   Diego as I said has the marking of salesman since from his offer of compensating only 300,000 metric tons of the crops which had effectively raised by blood pressure because the amount of compensation would be below my walk away price of 50 million, he was magnanimous and friendly enough to brin g it into 500,000 and thereby sending the amount of 62.5 million USD.He capped it by saying that 50 million could be coming from my country’s legislature and that would exceed the 100 million being demanded by the farmers.  I guess, there is wisdom in what Diego did in jumping from 300,000 metric tons to 500,000 tons as a sign of building greater business relationship   with the offer of buying the my country’s farmer’s products for the next five years.   Diego again I suppose know my BATNA and he sensed that my country’s farmers have limited options where to sell the products.Although a bit satisfied, I felt I should fish for more damaged crops. I insisted that he should compensate for the damage of at least 600,000 mt for the market price of 115/mt. I tried to cajole him into our friendship in the past and that I have to explain the farmers why I cannot compensate for more of damaged crops. They complied according to our law and damaged crops is 8 00,000 mt not 500,000 mt, which you party is culpable of. He was resolute about his offer, but did bend a little by offering to buy more crops from us in the future, which came about 5 years agreement. I could not set the price of future crops with him due to shortage of timeThe relevance of culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues in negotiationAs to whether culture, gender power, personality, communication, or other thematic issues play in this negotiation, I believe they have played a part to the extent how one negotiator feels about the other.   Diego’s personality was that of sales man and so was I. We felt there was better reason to agree on many things despite the conflict than walking out of the negotiation.ConclusionTo conclude, it may be stated that I felt if I was a little aggressive in the beginning and showed more of a concern about the election, and Verities has no option but to help us out with 100million. By expressing that it is in both Presidents’ interest that we win the election and dictating that there will be no compromise in the 800000mt damaged, especially from a friendly nation. Most likely my deal would have closed with much higher offer than 62.5 million. I still would not have a threat approach, by challenging them to the Nuclear charge. I feel cooperative approach is the only way to go.This experience has also proved to this researcher the importance of frame, the significant role played by having BATAN, anchoring one’s argument of what may deemed fair that could further expand the pie as well the greater benefit in collaborative negotiation rather a competitive one.References:Coleman. P (2000) â€Å"Power and Conflict.† Morton Deutsch and Peter T. Coleman, eds., The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice San Francisco: Jossey-Bas Publishers, 2000, pp. 108-130. Fisher and Ury (1981) Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. (New York: Peng uin Books, 1981), 104. Meiners and Miller (2004) The Effect of Formality and Relational Tone on Supervisor/subordinate Negotiation Episodes; Western Journal of Communication, Vol. 68 Spangler, (2003) Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), {www document} URL, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/batna/, Accessed December 14, 2007 Weber, and Khandemian   (1997) From Agitation to Collaboration: Clearing the Air through Negotiation; Public Administration Review, Vol. 57, 1997

African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essays

African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essays African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essay African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essay African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Introduction: African American Kidney Access and Donation Problems: Variety meats are a scarceness in the United States. This is competently demonstrated by the fact that merely 8,000 of the 23,000 patients expecting a cadaverous kidney undergo organ transplant each twelvemonth. A common wellness status that is treated with kidney organ transplant is end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) . Alarmingly, the disease disproportionately affects African Americans. Members of the African American community are four times more likely to see ESRD than members of the white population. Despite consisting a greater per centum of the patient population, African American patients arenonmore likely to have cadaverous nephritic grafts. In fact, although African American patients comprise about 37 % of the ESRD patient population and 34 % of the kidney graft waiting list, they are receivers of merely 25 % of cadaverous nephritic grafts. African American ESRD patients besides typically see delay clip dual that of their white opposite numbers. The first inherent aptitud e of many may be to surmise that socioeconomic factors are the cause of this disparity. Because African Americans are concentrated in low-income communities they may, as a group, experience the same organ entree jobs that affect low income communities at big. This account, nevertheless, does non keep weight because African Americans are still merely 55 % every bit likely as Whites to have a cadaverous renal graft when commanding for income and geographic country. Many lines of enquiry have been borne out of this disparity, but the most popular account for the state of affairs is a race-based human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) derived function. HLA matching is among the standards used by the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) to delegate precedence to patients who are on the waiting list to have a cadaverous kidney. The usage of HLA in delegating points to wait list participants is based on the fact that proper antigenic lucifer increases the rate of survival post-transplantation . Most surveies explain the African American kidney entree job with the being of HLA differences between racial populations. The proposed solution that typically follows this decision is to set clip and attempt into increasing organ contribution among African American communities, members of which are by and large loath to donate variety meats due to a general misgiving of the health care system. Clinicians carry oning HLA based surveies conclude that the issue of African American entree to kidneys is closely tied up with the reluctance of African Americans to donate. This is a debatable manner of nearing the issue of African American entree to cadaveric kidneys because it relies on race, a societal concept, to explicate immunological difference which is a biological phenomenon. The usage of race in these HLA surveies, so, consequences in ill-conceived solutions that do non efficaciously address the job. These race-based surveies conflate two jobs that are unrelated and should be dealt with individually: 1 ) African American entree to kidney grafts and 2 ) the reluctance of African Americans to donate variety meats. The fact that African Americans do non normally donate their variety meats has little to make with the fact that there is a kidney entree job in the community. Race-based HLA surveies do non adequately explicate the African American kidney entree job, and hence, their consequences should non be used to convert black populations to donate their variety meats. This statement will be supported by a treatment of the debatable nature of racial nomenclature in medical literature in general followed by an scrutiny of the manner in which these jobs apply to HLA surveies specifically. Attention will so be given to the normally proposed suggestion that attempts be made to promote African American organ contribution in the name of relieving the kidney entree job and why it is debatable. Finally, a better solution to the African American kidney entree job will be proposed along with and a more effectual and ethical attack to increasing organ contribution among African Americans. Misplaced usage of Race in Medicine: In order to discourse the jobs associated with the usage of race-based HLA surveies in treatments of organ entree among African Americans, an scrutiny of the jobs with racially-focused biological surveies in general is necessary. Racially based scientific surveies are inherently flawed because they use societal buildings in order to explicate scientific phenomena. The Oxford English Dictionary defines race as any of the major groupings of world, holding in common distinguishable physical characteristics or holding a similar cultural background. The usage of race in medical surveies stems, more or less, from fluctuations of this definition. The thought is that distinct physical features are genetically based, and because racial groups are defined by familial standards it merely makes sense that race has a topographic point in medical specialty. In world, nevertheless, racial boundaries are drawn along historical and sociopolitical lines, and it does non do sense to contorting familial intending out of classs whose standards are imbued socially. Harmonizing to Elisa Gordon, both the nonbiological and biological standards that are used to place races are arbitrary. For illustration, the racial classs in the United States are applied to people from different: geographic parts ( e.g. , Asians ) ; linguistic communications ( e.g. , Hispanics ) ; faiths ( e.g. , Jews ) ; and putative tegument colour ( white, ruddy, xanthous, brown ) . The classs identified by Gordon unite groups of people that may hold loose familial commonalties at best. In fact, surveies have shown that the familial difference that exists between members of the same racial group is comparable to the familial difference that exists between members of different racial groups. Gordon besides argues that lone associations between cultural patterns and wellness should be drawn from clinical surveies, instead than associations between race and genetic sciences. This is because if members of racial groups portion anything in common it would be unquestionably un-genetically coupled cultural patterns ( and even this is non a given ) . This fact entirely should deter researchers’ efforts to associate race and genetic sciences. Making so leads to inherently flawed decisions sing the causes of wellness issues impacting peculiar racial groups and promotes the usage of ill-conceived solutions. As Dorothy Roberts puts it, a renewed trust in built-in racial differences provides a convenient but false account for relentless unfairnesss de-spite the terminal of de jure discrimination. Debatable Race-Based HLA Studies: Race-based HLA surveies used to explicate the African American organ entree job operate under the same debatable premises present in general in race-based medical specialty. These surveies are designed with the thought that racial lines are drawn along biological difference instead than historical and sociopolitical parametric quantities. This is evident in the rhetoric normally used in the surveies. The treatment subdivisions of the bulk of these documents frequently provide the account that HLA subtypes that are common in white populations are uncommon in African American populations. Because of this, African Americans are less likely to have nephritic grafts because the organ donor population is comprised of the white bulk, and the HLA patterns present on white kidneys will by and large non be a good lucifer for African American ESRD patients. This account might do sense if the surveies were good designed both scientifically and linguistically. This, unluckily, is non the instance . In general, the race of HLA survey participants is determined by the clinicians carry oning the surveies. The fact that the research workers determine the race of the participants introduces societal and cultural prejudices into the survey. There is no scientific mechanism for finding whether an person is black, white or a member of any other racial group. Therefore, clinicians rely merely on socially prescribed thoughts of what it means to be a member of a peculiar race phenotypically. For illustration, conventionally, persons who are identified as black typically have darker tegument than persons who are identified as white. A clinician carry oning a race-based HLA survey must trust on this loose differentiation entirely when categorising persons in a survey. A deficiency of rigorous standards for distinguishing between racial groups invites great possible for mistake, and the usage of the beliefs of research workers to delegate patient classs is a far call from the use of the r ules of grounds based medical specialty on which the scientific community prides itself. Self-identification by the patients has been a proposed solution to this job, but this is debatable in and of itself. Most African Americans can non follow their lineage past one or two coevalss, if even that much, go forthing room for mistake even with self-identification. The assorted and cloudy lineage of most African Americans invalidates any claims made about the familial differences between black and white populations. Because black populations have a history of blending with white and Native American populations, it does non do sense that specific familial markers, HLA subtypes in this instance, would be more concentrated in black populations than in other racial groups. Additionally, it is hard to categorise phenotypically black Americans for HLA subtyping because it is likely that they portion familial similarity with other racial groups despite a deficiency of physical similarity. Self -identification is besides flawed because it relies on each participant’s single apprehension of race. For illustration, two survey participants with similar lineage may place with different racial classs depending on their personal beliefs. Effectss of Misguided Conclusions of Race-Based HLA Studies: The blemished nature of race-based HLA surveies consequences in ill-conceived decisions. The consequences of these flawed surveies wrongly demonstrate that the HLA patterns found on the kidneys of white and black patients are significantly different. This implies that a kidney coming from a white giver is improbable to be a lucifer for a black patient in demand of a nephritic graft. Because most givers in the register are white, black ESRD patients are at a disadvantage in footings of organ entree because there are non adequate givers that are a good immunological lucifer for them. The solution that follows from this logic, so, is to set clip and energy into convincing African Americans, who typically have a low organ contribution rate, to donate their variety meats. This solution is unsafe for two grounds. The first is that it attempts to work out a job deeply rooted in societal issues by superficial agencies. The fact that African Americans still have limited entree to kidneys when commanding for income and the debatable nature of race-based accounts of the disparity indicate that there is a deeper issue lending to the African American organ entree job. Regardless of what the issue is, it will go on to be if clinicians continue to fulfill themselves with solutions that do non turn to the root cause of the issue. The over-reliance on race-based HLA surveies detracts energy and financess from more meaningful research that may take to effectual solutions. More dismaying than this is the fact that these surveies mislead non merely research workers and policy shapers but besides an full subset of the population. Encouraging populations who are loath about going organ givers is a good thing as it increases the figure of variety meats available to salvage the lives of ill patients. However, when organ procurance organisations and health care professionals use the consequences of race-based HLA surveies in order to convert African Americans to donate their variety meats, they are proposing that the black community has something extra to derive from this action. This is non true, and it is unjust and uneffective to try to alter the attitudes of a community that has strong reserves about donating due to a historical misgiving in the health care system by disregarding this misgiving and utilizing easy but uneffective solutions alternatively. Organ procurances bureaus should non convert African Americans to donate in the name of assisting diminish the unfairnesss that affect their communities. This is misdirecting and incorrect. Alternatively, attempts must be made to understand the misgiving that fuels African American reluctance to donate. Root Causes of African American Kidney Access: African Americans experience disadvantages at all phases of the transplant procedure. It is widely acknowledged that factors such as personal and cultural beliefs, unequal graft exercise and referral holds by nephrologists play a function in hindering entree at the pre-waiting list phase. However, one time African American patients have been referred for graft and go active on the delay list they still see drawn-out delay times. This disadvantage is about entirely explained by the race-based HLA derived function. Reliance on this account detracts from reforms that could dramatically diminish delay times for African American patients. One such reform that was studied over a 10 twelvemonth period at the University of Maryland trades with the usage of givers who are positive for Hepatitis C. African Americans are twice every bit likely to be infected with Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , so the allowed organ transplant of HCV positive variety meats may be effectual in shuting the spread in d elay times because African American and non-African American delay list members. The execution of this system at the University of Maryland School of Medicine over a 10 twelvemonth period allowed the delay clip for African American patients to be cut from the national norm of 1,335 yearss to 647 yearss. The station organ transplant endurance rates under the system were comparable to those under a system in which Hepatitis C positive givers are non used. African American Reluctance to Donate: Although a race-based HLA derived function should non be used to promote organ contribution by African Americans, the low contribution rate of the population still merits treatment. Surveies that seek to explicate the deficiency of enthusiasm in the African American community sing organ contribution cite a figure of grounds such as deficiency of consciousness and spiritual beliefs. The most alarming, nevertheless, that regularly reappears in the literature is a misgiving of the medical community. There is a long history of mistreatment of African Americans in health care. Possibly the most publicised issue, nevertheless, is the Tuskeegee Syphilis survey in which legion African Americans were lied to about their wellness status and told they were having intervention when they were non. This, along with other likewise dismaying happenings, has shaped African American attitudes towards organ contribution and the health care system at big. Today, about 38 per centum of African Americans refuse to donate their variety meats. The most normally expressed ground is the fright that as organ givers they will non have equal medical attention. As a community, African Americans do non swear that physicians will make all in their power to salvage them before reaping their variety meats for organ transplant in another patient. Despite these reserves, African Americans report a willingness to donate if they can be assured that their variety meats will assist members of their ain community or if they can be straight donated to persons of a specified ethnicity. A clinician running one survey reported that African Americans will be more likely to donate if people realize their organ contribution can do a difference for their friends and neighbours, the people in their church and their community. This is exactly why the usage of race-based HLA surveies is debatable in the attempt to promote organ contribution by African Americans. The consequences of HLA surveies are being used to do it look as though the organ contribution of an African American person will assist a member of his ain community, but more African American contribution will make nil to relieve the organ entree job. Although their purposes may be baronial, organ procurance bureaus are working African American communities by utilizing the consequences of HLA surveies in this manner. Organ procurement bureaus must alternatively concentrate on a more effectual and more honorable manner to promote black communities to donate variety meats. Battling the misgiving that many African Americans feel towards the health care system will non be a speedy and easy procedure, and it must get down with increased cultural competence preparation for health care practicians and an consciousness of the manner in which unconscious p rejudices cause them to handle African American patients otherwise. An investing in this type of instruction will slowly construct trust because medical and African American communities, ensuing finally in increased organ contribution rates among African Americans. It will besides potentially increase African American entree to variety meats due to a lessening in healthcare-related barriers to entree like physician perceptual experience of post-transplantation endurance of African Americans. Decision: The usage of the consequences of race-based HLA surveies to convert African Americans of the importance of going organ givers is debatable and unethical. The usage of race in scientific literature is inherently flawed in and of itself, and its application to the job of African American organ entree comes with its ain set of jobs. The suggestion of these surveies that increasing organ contribution among African Americans will somehow cut down the organ unfairness impacting the black community is based on ill designed surveies, and should non be used to promote the black community to donate. Alternatively, stairss should be taken to understand the root cause of both the unjust distribution of variety meats every bit good as the reluctance of the black community to donate. Merely after clinicians cease to trust on the wrong impressions propagated by race-based HLA surveies, and discontinue trust on superficial solutions will these highly of import jobs be solved.

The Relation between SAT Scores and Academic Achievement

The Relation between SAT Scores and Academic Achievement SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You're a top student in your class does that mean you can skip SAT prep because your GPA will carry you? Or you're just average in the class, does that mean you can't do well on the SAT? It turns out, that the college board admits themselvesthat SAT score is not highly related to your high school GPA. In statistical speak, high school GPAs predict less than 30% of the variation on SAT scores. Through my own experience and numerous students I work with, this is actually not surprising at all. Why is this the case? 1. The SAT is standardized. First, the SAT scores are standardized. This means that it doesn't matter if you're from Manhattan, New York, or rural northern Mississippi, the test is the same. If you have the same skill, you'll do equally on the SAT. Not so for your GPA: if you go to a less challenging high school, you'll have a higher GPA, and if you go to a top school like Stuyvesant, you'll get a much lower GPA. In other words, GPA compares you within that school, SAT compares you across the nation. 2. The SAT Doesn't Measure Many Classroom Factors. The SAT can't tell that you're a great team player, follow the teacher's instructions, or that you're a nice kid, all of which do go into your GPA in general. Getting good grades in school is a skill that you've spent years honing and perfecting. Most of these skills don't translate to the SAT. To prepare for the SAT you'll need to, in some ways, start from square one. Preparation is key to getting ahead again. 3. The SAT Strongly Measures Analytic Test Taking Skills. Whereas schools measure your ability to be creative in essays and thoughtful in your work, the SAT measures your abiluty to guess efficient, spent time correctly, and think logically and mechanically. These skills need to be practiced for the test. Long story short, academic achievement doesn't solely determine your SAT score. If you've done well in school, you want to keep up the good work and not tarnish your chances. To do this you'll need to start learning SAT skills soon. If you haven't done well in school, this is your second chance, your shot to show the world that you still have it in you. Because the situation is different, you can have a fresh start in acing the SAT. Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful with our Free SAT Ebook!

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Globalisation - Essay Example This would require that the nations concerned should open their markets for international trade, international investment, international finance and labour movements – a process which would result in interdependency and lead to integration of the economies of the concerned countries with attendant benefits to all. From an individual country or a business point of view, globalisation is also a matter of strategy in the overall process described above. This strategy is best defined as the attempt to reap the highest benefits from out of the natural endowments of a country / business – be it in terms of raw materials, technology, skilled manpower etc. and reach the world markets with greater competitiveness. Viewed from this perspective, the term globalisation defines both a threat and an opportunity; a threat if a dominant economy or a business house commands the world markets, and an opportunity when even a small player can look at the entire world as his potential market to exploit. the term. Deepak Nayyar puts it best in his words: â€Å"It is, in part, an integration of markets (for goods, services, technology, financial assets and even money) on the demand side, and, in part, an integration of production (horizontal and vertical) on the supply side (Nayyar, 2006). International trade had been taking place for nearly a thousand years both on the land and sea routes. The items of exchange were mainly spices, silks and precious stones; in other words, only a limited number of highly valued exotic items. This trade was being conducted by individual traders. international trade - exchanging finished manufactured goods for raw materials, although Great Britain as the supreme imperial power, controlled the raw materials prices from its colonies as well as the prices of finished goods sold in its colonies. Further, to supplement its work force, it deployed substantial number of indentured labourers from the Indian subcontinent to places like the South

Olmstead vs. United States Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Olmstead vs. United States - Term Paper Example As the conversation obtained from such wiretaps was the evidence to decide this case and other similar cases like Green, Mcinnis and several others vs. United States, individually. All convicts were convicted on the same charges based on wiretap-recorded conversation. Based on this, the defendants were charged for violating National Prohibition Act by selling or importing as well as processing illegal liquors. However, as there was no approval for the installation of wiretaps in any of such cases, the evidence based on obtaining record of conversation from such illegally installed wiretaps was debatable and under question.........................(1) Evidence was obtained from the use of private telephone conversation as disclosed by the wiretaps, illegally installed. The question was put before the court if the use of such conversation as any evidence violates the recorded party’s rights under the Fourth and Fifth amendments of the constitution. While the court had a clear answer to the above question as a plain â€Å"NO†; it laid importance on the nature of conversation and not how it was obtained. The court further ruled that since none of the defendants was illegally forced to conduct those conversations. Therefore, the court upheld that there can be no evidence of any violation of their Fifth Amendment protection against self incrimination, while maintaining that the conversations were made voluntarily throughout. Whereby the Fourth Amendment meaning refers to the search and seizure or arrest without warrant, the court ruled that in these cases no such action was present. Therefore, the court upheld that none of the evidences presented violated any rights of the defendants under the fourth amendment, as well. Moreover, there was no physical examination of any papers, any substantial, material effects or the home searches etc., involved in any of these cases. The